Anaklia

Jump to: navigation, search

Anaklia
Georgia (country)” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Georgia_location_map.svg/300px-Georgia_location_map.svg.png” width=”300″ height=”160″ /> Anaklia Location in Georgia
Coordinates: 42°24?22?N 41°35?29?E? / ?42.40611°N 41.59139°E? / 42.40611; 41.59139
Country	Georgia
Region	Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

Anaklia (Georgian: ???????) is a townlet (daba) and seaside resort in western Georgia at 42°24?22?N 41°35?29?E? / ?42.40611°N 41.59139°E? / 42.40611; 41.59139Coordinates: 42°24?22?N 41°35?29?E? / ?42.40611°N 41.59139°E? / 42.40611; 41.59139. It is located in the Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, at the place where the Enguri River (Inguri) flows into the Black Sea, near the administrative border with Abkhazia.

History

The earliest settlement on Anaklia’s territory dates back to the mid-Bronze Age and is typical to the Colchian culture. It is the Classical Heraclea of Colchis, Anaclia of later authors, and Anarghia of Archangelo Lamberti and Jean Chardin (both the 17th-century travelers). After the fragmentation of the Kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, it was an important fortified town, sea port and fishing station within the Principality of Mingrelia. In 1723, the town was captured by the Ottoman Empire and converted into its maritime outpost and slave-trading locale. During the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), Anaklia was taken by the combined Russo-Georgian army under General Totleben in 1770.

In 1802, Kelesh-Bey Sharvashidze, the pro-Turkish ruler of the neighboring Principality of Abkhazia, capitalized on the internecine feuds in Mingrelia, and forced Prince Grigol Dadiani of Mingrelia into surrendering Anaklia, taking Grigol’s son and heir, Levan, as a hostage. When Mingrelia accepted the Russian protectorate in 1803, the Russian commander in Georgia, Prince Tsitsianov, demanded that Kelesh-Bey release Levan. On his refusal, Tsitsianov sent Major General Ion Rykgof into Abkhazia. In March 1805, the Russians took hold of Anaklia and threatened to march against Sukhum-Kaleh, forcing the Abkhazian prince to release Dadiani. The capture of Anaklia drew an Ottoman protest, however, and Tsitsianov hastened to disavow his subordinate and even apologize for his action, removing a Russian garrison from Anaklia. However, the incident added to an increasing tension between the two empires. When the next Russo-Turkish War broke out in 1806, the Russian forces restored Redoubt Kali and Anaklia to the Mingrelian prince Levan who would later relinquish the control of these forts to the Russian administration. Subsequently, the importance of the Anaklia port significantly reduced, but it remained a minor Black Sea Fleet base in the Soviet times.

After the War in Abkhazia (1992-3), a Russian peacekeeping post was opened at Anaklia in 1994. In 2006, the Ministry of Defense of Georgia reported numerous damages inflicted by the Russian soldiers upon the 17th-century fortress of Anaklia and accused the peacekeepers of installing latrines and bathes within the walls of the fort. Following a series of protests by the Georgians, the Russian military post was withdrawn in July 2007.

References

1. ^ W.E.D. Allen. Two Georgian Maps of the First Half of the Eighteenth Century. Imago Mundi, Vol. 10, 1953 (1953), pp. 99-121.
2. ^ John F. Baddeley (1908), The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus, p. 67. London: Longmans, Green and Co. (Republished 1999, Routledge).
3. ^ (Russian) ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????. Lenta.Ru. July 13, 2007.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaklia”
Categories: Cities, towns and villages in Georgia (country) | Archaeological sites in Georgia (country) | Castles and forts in Georgia (country)Hidden categories: Articles containing Georgian language text

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Try Beta
• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

 

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

Languages

• ???????
• Nederlands
• ???????
• Suomi

• This page was last modified on 15 December 2009 at 20:59.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
  additional terms may apply.
  See Terms of Use for details.
  
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

rhianna room-in-a-bag roxy

Constitution of Kazakhstan

Jump to: navigation, search

Kazakhstan

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Kazakhstan

Constitution President Nursultan Nazarbayev Prime Minister Karim Masimov Parliament Senate Majilis Political parties Elections: 2004 - 2005 - 2007 Provinces (Oblystar) Raions Human rights Foreign relations

Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view • talk • edit

The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: ????????? ??????????????? ?????????????, Russian: ??????????? ?????????? ?????????) is the highest law of Kazakhstan, as stated in Article 4. The Constitution was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995.

Contents 1 Preamble 2 Section 1, General Provisions 2.1 Article 1 2.2 Article 2 2.3 Article 3 2.4 Article 4 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

Preamble

The preamble of the constitution emphasizes the importance of “freedom, equality and concord” and Kazakhstan’s role in the international community.

Section 1, General Provisions

Article 1

Article 1 establishes the state as a secular democracy that values individual “life, rights and freedoms.” It outlines social and “political stability, economic development,” patriotism, and democracy as the principles upon which the Government serves. This is the first article in which the Parliament is mentioned.

Article 2

Article 2 states that Kazakhstan is a unitary state and the government is presidential. The government has jurisdiction over, and is responsible for, all territory in Kazakhstan. Regional, political divisions, including location of the capital, are left open to lower level legislation. “Republic of Kazakhstan” and “Kazakhstan” are considered one and the same.

Article 3

The government’s power is derived from the people and citizens have the right to vote in referendums and free elections. Article 3 establishes provincial government. Representation of the people is a right reserved to the executive and legislative branches. The government is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Each branch is prevented from abusing its power by a system of checks and balances. This is the first article to mention constitutional limits on the executive branch.

10 Years of the Constitution of Kazakhstan

Article 4

Laws that are in effect include “provisions of the Constitution, the laws corresponding to it, other regulatory legal acts, international treaty and other commitments of the Republic as well as regulatory resolutions of Constitutional Council and the Supreme Court of the Republic.” The Constitution is made the highest law. Ratified international treaties supersede national laws and are enforced, except in cases when upon ratification the Parliament recognizes contradictions between treaties and already enacted laws, in which case the treaty will not go into effect until the contradiction has been dealt with through legislation. The government shall publish all laws.

See also

• Government of Kazakhstan
• Politics of Kazakhstan
• Constitution of Russia
• Terrorism in Kazakhstan

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Constitution of Kazakhstan City Montessori School Lucknow, India

External links

Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan

collapsible collapsed” style=”width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;”> v • d • e Constitutions of Europe Sovereign states Albania · Andorra · Armenia1 · Austria · Azerbaijan2 · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus1 · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia2 · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan3 · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey3 · Ukraine · United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia2 · Kosovo · Nagorno-Karabakh1 · Northern Cyprus1 · South Ossetia2 · Transnistria Other entities European Union · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Dependencies, autonomies, other territories Adjara1 · Adygea · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Bashkortostan · Chechnya · Chuvashia · Crimea · Dagestan · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Ingushetia · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Kabardino-Balkaria · Kalmykia · Karachay-Cherkessia · Republic of Karelia · Komi Republic · Madeira · Isle of Man · Mari El · Mordovia · Nakhchivan1 · North Ossetia-Alania · Srpska Republic · Svalbard · Tatarstan · Udmurtia · Vojvodina 1 Geographically entirely in Asia, but nonetheless often considered European. 2 Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the border definitions. 3 Transcontinental country.

v • d • e Constitutions of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan · Armenia1 · Azerbaijan1 · Bahrain · Bangladesh · Bhutan · Brunei · Burma2 · Cambodia · People’s Republic of China · Cyprus1 · East Timor3 · Egypt4 · Georgia4 · India · Indonesia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Japan · Jordan · Kazakhstan4 · North Korea · South Korea · Kuwait · Kyrgyzstan · Laos · Lebanon · Malaysia · Maldives · Mongolia · Nepal · Oman · Pakistan · Philippines · Qatar · Russia4 · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Syria · Tajikistan · Republic of China5 · Thailand · Turkey4 · Turkmenistan · United Arab Emirates · Uzbekistan · Vietnam · Yemen Dependencies, autonomies, other territories Aceh · Adjara1 · Abkhazia1 · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Altai · British Indian Ocean Territory · Buryatia · Christmas Island · Cocos (Keeling) Islands · Guangxi · Hong Kong · Inner Mongolia · Iraqi Kurdistan · Jakarta · Khakassia · Macau · Nagorno-Karabakh · Nakhchivan · Ningxia · Northern Cyprus · Palestine · Papua · Sakha · South Ossetia1 · Tibet · Tuva · West Papua · Xinjiang · Yogyakarta Italics indicates an unrecognised or partially recognised country.  1 Sometimes included in Europe, depending on the border definitions.  2 Officially known as Myanmar.  3 Sometimes included in Oceania, and also known as Timor-Leste.  4 Transcontinental country.  5 Commonly known as Taiwan.

v • d • e  Kazakhstan topics History Prehistory Saka · Huns Early history Göktürks · Karluks · Kara-Khanid Khanate · Mongol Empire · Golden Horde · Nogai Horde · White Horde since 1456 Kazakh Khanate · List of kazakh khans · Jüz · Russian Turkestan · Alash Autonomy · Kazakh ASSR · Kazakh SSR · Republic of Kazakhstan Postage stamps and postal history Government and Politics Constitution · President · Prime Minister · Parliament (Senate · Majilis) · Political Parties · Elections · Foreign Relations · Military · Human rights · LGBT rights Administrative divisions Provinces · Districts · Cities and towns Geography Kazakh Steppe · Altay Mountains · Caspian Sea · Aral Sea · Lake Balkhash · Syr Darya · Ural River · Zhetysu · Charyn Canyon · Tien Shan · Khan Tangiri Shyngy · Kyzyl Kum · Aral Karakum Economy National Bank of Kazakhstan · Kazakhstani tenge · Agriculture · Communications · Energy policy · Transport Demographics Kazakhs · Russians · Ukrainians · Germans · Koreans · Armenians · Greeks · Jews · Turks · Dungan · Chinese Religion Islam · Christianity · Hinduism · Religious freedom Culture Coat of arms · National flag · National anthem · Alphabet · Cuisine · Education · Language · Media · Music · Sport · Wedding · Famous Kazakhs  · Kaznet WikiProject · Portal

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan”
Categories: Government of Kazakhstan | Constitutions | Kazakhstani lawHidden categories: Articles containing Kazakh language text | Articles containing Russian language text

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Try Beta
• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

 

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

Languages

• Deutsch
• ?????
• Bahasa Indonesia
• ???????
• ???????

• This page was last modified on 28 December 2009 at 10:37.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
  additional terms may apply.
  See Terms of Use for details.
  
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

swarovski purse 718263

John F. Boynton

Jump to: navigation, search

John F. Boynton
Full name	John Farnum Boynton
Born	September 20, 1811(1811-09-20)
Place of birth	Bradford, Massachusetts
Died	October 20, 1890 (aged 79)
Place of death	Syracuse, New York
LDS Church Apostle
Called by	Three Witnesses
Ordained	February 15, 1835 (aged 23)
Ordination reason	Initial organization of Quorum of the Twelve
End of term	December 3, 1837 (aged 26)
End reason	Excommunicated for apostasy
Reorganization at end of term	No apostles immediately ordained

LDS Church General Authority
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
Called by	Three Witnesses
Start of term	February 15, 1835 (aged 23)
End of term	December 3, 1837 (aged 26)
End reason	Excommunicated for apostasy

John Farnum Boynton (September 20, 1811 – October 20, 1890) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an American geologist and inventor. He was one of the original members of the Latter Day Saint movement’s Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.

Boynton was born in Bradford, Massachusetts to Eliphalet Boynton and Susan Nichols. He was married to Susan Lowell. In his teenage years, Boynton attended Columbia University and at age 20 began medical school in St. Louis, Missouri.

Contents 1 Church service 2 Scientific work 3 Published works 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

Church service

Boynton was baptized a member of the Church of Christ by Joseph Smith, Jr. in September 1832 in Kirtland, Ohio. He was ordained to the office of an elder by Sidney Rigdon.

Boynton proved to be an effective missionary for the church. He initially served in Erie County, Pennsylvania, with Zebedee Coltrin, in 1832. The following December, Smith sent him on a mission to Maine. In an 1834 letter written from Saco, Maine, Boynton states: “I have baptized about forty in this section; Elder Even M. Greene travelled with me from the 16th Jan., 1833, till October following; while together we baptized about 130.” While in Maine and Massachusetts, Boynton also served with Horace Cowen.

Boynton was chosen as one of the church’s apostles at the organization of the initial Quorum of Twelve Apostles on February 14, 1835. He was the only one of the original apostles who had attended university. Soon after, he accompanied the Twelve on their 1835 mission through the church branches in the east. He attended a Conference in Laboro’, Upper Canada, with six other members of the Quorum on June 29, 1835. Boynton returned to Ohio in the fall, and preached to a gathering of church members on October 18. After this mission, he began a mercantile business in Kirtland with church associate Lyman E. Johnson.

Despite his dedication to the church’s religious message, Boynton broke with Joseph Smith, Jr. and Sidney Rigdon during the Kirtland Safety Society banking controversy. In May 1837, U. S. President Andrew Jackson ordered the U. S. Treasury to accept only gold for public land, rejecting privately printed paper money such as the Safety Society and other unchartered community institutions produced. This ultimately caused the Kirtland bank to fail. The failure of the financial institution, originally founded with the support of church leaders, led to widespread dissent in 1837. Two distinct factions developed in the community, with members of the church’s leadership aligned on both sides. Boynton explained that his difficulties with the church resulted from “the failure of the bank” which he had understood “was instituted by the will & revelations of God, & he had been told that it would never fail.”

A high council trial on September 3, 1837 disfellowshipped and removed Luke Johnson, Lyman Johnson and Boynton from the Quorum of the Twelve. However, the dissenters, led by Boynton, Warren Parrish, Martin Harris, and Luke Johnson, had a strong local following and took physical control of the Kirtland Temple, the major financial asset of the church. They also sought to control the church organization and led a competing high council which excommunicated Smith and Rigdon, who left the city and fled to Far West, Missouri.

In 1838, after Smith had relocated to Missouri, Boynton and other dissident church leaders, including Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, Luke Johnson and Lyman Johnson were excommunicated. Boynton believed Smith to have become a “fallen prophet” and said to Heber C. Kimball, “if you are such a fool as to go at the call of the fallen prophet, Joseph Smith, I will not help you a dime, and if you are cast on Van Diemen’s Land, I will not make an effort to help you.”

Boynton later became a member of Warren Parrish’s reformed “Church of Christ”, which took possession of the Kirtland Temple.

Although he never rejoined the faith, Boynton is reported to have later become less antagonistic toward his former associates. A. H. Hale, of Grantsville, Utah Territory, reported that Boynton visited Brigham Young during a visit to Utah Territory and counseled Erastus Snow to continue his efforts and involvement with the church.

Scientific work

After parting ways with the church, Boynton traveled throughout the United States lecturing on natural history, geology, and other sciences. Between 1853 and 1854, he joined a U.S. government geological surveying expedition to California. During the American Civil War, Boynton was employed by the U.S. to design torpedoes and other weapons. He holds 36 patents in the U.S. National Patent Office, among others, he patented:

• A process to generate carbonic acid gas
• A soda fountain
• A portable fire extinguisher
• A vacuum process for extracting gold from ore
• Several small electrical appliances
• A process for converting cast iron to malleable steel

In 1869, Boynton was the first geologist to examine the Cardiff Giant after it was unearthed near Cardiff, New York. Boynton declared that the giant could not be a fossilized man, but hypothesized that it was a statue that was carved by a French Jesuit in the 16th or 17th century in order to impress the local Native Americans. The giant was later determined to be a hoax.

Boynton died in Syracuse, New York.

Published works

• Boynton, John F. (1884). A Treatise on Maiz, Clover, Silos and Ensilage. Columbia Press. ISBN B00089EPEK. 

Notes

1. ^ Boynton was disfellowshipped and removed from the Quorum of the Twelve on 1837-09-03. However, Boynton remained an apostle until his excommunication.
2. ^ The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles did not have twelve apostles again until 1841-04-08, when Lyman Wight was ordained. Between Boynton’s excommunication and then, John E. Page, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, George A. Smith, and Willard Richards had been ordained and added to the Quorum to replace apostles who had been excommunicated or killed.
3. ^ Kirtland Council Minute Book, pp. 184-86
4. ^ Stephen W. Sears, “The Giant in the Earth”, American Heritage Magazine, August 1975/

References

• Fred C. Collier (ed.), The Kirtland Council Minute Book, Collier’s Publishing Co., 2002.

External links

• Susan Easton Black, John Farnum Boynton
• Grampa Bill’s G.A. pages: John F. Boynton

Religious titles
Preceded by Orson Pratt	Quorum of the Twelve Apostles February 15, 1835–September 3, 1837	Succeeded by Lyman E. Johnson

v • d • e Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints J. Smith • Cowdery • Harris • Whitmer • Marsh • Patten • B. Young, Sr. • H.C. Kimball • Hyde • M’Lellin • P.P. Pratt • L.S. Johnson • Wm. Smith • O. Pratt • Boynton • L.E. Johnson • Page • J. Taylor • W. Woodruff • G.A. Smith • W. Richards • Wight • H. Smith • A.M. Lyman • Benson • Rich • L. Snow • E. Snow • F.D. Richards • J.M. Grant • Wells • J.W. Young • G.Q. Cannon • J.A. Young • J.F. Smith, Sr. • B. Young, Jr. • Carrington • Thatcher • F.M. Lyman • J.H. Smith • Teasdale • H.J. Grant • J.W. Taylor • M.W. Merrill • Lund • A.H. Cannon • M.F. Cowley • A.O. Woodruff • Clawson • Smoot • H.M. Smith • G.A. Smith • Penrose • G.F. Richards • Whitney • McKay • Ivins • J.F. Smith, Jr. • Talmage • S.L. Richards • R.R. Lyman • M.J. Ballard • Widtsoe • J.F. Merrill • Callis • Clark • A.A. Hinckley • Bowen • S.Q. Cannon • Lee • S.W. Kimball • Benson • Petersen • M. Cowley • Moyle • Stapley • Romney • L. Richards • Bennion • Evans • Morris • Brown • Hunter • G.B. Hinckley • Tanner • Monson • Dyer • Packer • Ashton • McConkie • Perry • Haight • Faust • Maxwell • Nelson • Oaks • M.R. Ballard • Wirthlin • Scott • Hales • Holland • Eyring • Uchtdorf • Bednar • Cook • Christofferson • Andersen

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Boynton”
Categories: Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | 1811 births | 1890 deaths | Converts to Mormonism | American Latter Day Saints | Latter Day Saint missionaries | American Christian missionaries | American geologists | Columbia University alumni | American inventors | Former Latter Day Saints

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Try Beta
• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

 

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

• This page was last modified on 9 December 2009 at 03:57.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
  additional terms may apply.
  See Terms of Use for details.
  
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

dixie narco 501

Prompt neutron

Jump to: navigation, search

In nuclear engineering, a prompt neutron is a neutron immediately emitted by a nuclear fission event, as opposed to a delayed neutron which is emitted by one of the fission products anytime from a few milliseconds to a few minutes later. This is not delayed neutron decay, which can occur within the same context, but is a different process.

Contents 1 Principle 2 Importance in nuclear fission basic research 3 Importance in nuclear reactors 4 Fraction definitions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

Principle

Using U-235 as an example, this nucleus absorbs thermal neutrons, and the immediate mass products of a fission event are two large fission fragments, which are remnants of the formed U-236 nucleus. These fragments emit, on average, two or three free neutrons (in average 2.47), called “prompt” neutrons. A subsequent fission fragment occasionally undergoes a stage of radioactive decay that yields an additional neutron, called a “delayed” neutron. These neutron-emitting fission fragments are called delayed neutron precursor atoms.

Delayed neutrons are associated with the beta decay of the fission products. After prompt fission neutron emission the residual fragments are still neutron rich and undergo a beta decay chain. The more neutron rich the fragment, the more energetic and faster the beta decay. In some cases the available energy in the beta decay is high enough to leave the residual nucleus in such a highly excited state that neutron emission instead of gamma emission occurs.

Delayed Neutron Data for Thermal Fission in U-235

Group	Half-Life (s)	Decay Constant (s-1)	Energy (keV)	Yield, Neutrons per Fission	Fraction
1	55.72	0.0124	250	0.00052	0.000215
2	22.72	0.0305	560	0.00546	0.001424
3	6.22	0.111	405	0.00310	0.001274
4	2.30	0.301	450	0.00624	0.002568
5	0.614	1.14	-	0.00182	0.000748
6	0.230	3.01	-	0.00066	0.000273

Importance in nuclear fission basic research

The standard deviation of the final kinetic energy distribution as a function of mass of final fragments from low energy fission of uranium 234 and uranium 236, presents a peak around light fragment masses region and another on heavy fragment masses region. Simulation by Monte Carlo method of these experiments suggests that that those peaks are produced by prompt neutron emission . This effect of prompt neutron emission does not permit to obtain primary primary mass and kinetic distribution which is important to study fission dynamics from saddle to scission point.

Importance in nuclear reactors

If a nuclear reactor happened to be prompt critical - even very slightly - the number of neutrons would increase exponentially at a high rate, and very quickly the reactor would become uncontrollable. However, thanks to the delayed neutrons, it is possible to run a reactor subcritically as far as only prompt neutrons are concerned: the delayed neutrons come a moment later, just in time to sustain the chain reaction when it is going to die out; neutron production overall still grows exponentially, but on a time scale slow enough to be controlled (just as an otherwise unstable bicycle can be balanced because human reflexes are quick enough on the time scale of its instability). Thus, by widening the margins of non-operation and supercriticality and allowing more time to regulate the reactor, the delayed neutrons are essential to inherent reactor safety and even in reactors requiring active control.

Fraction definitions

The factor ? is defined as:

and it is equal to 0.0064 for U-235.

The delayed neutron fraction (DNF) is defined as:

These two factors, ? and DNF, are not the same thing in case of a rapid change in the number of neutrons in the reactor.

Another concept, especially useful in the case where there are isotopes with threshold fission cross sections in the nuclear fuel, is the effective fraction of delayed neutrons, which is the fraction of delayed neutrons weighted with their probability to induce a new fission in the chain reaction.

See also

• prompt critical
• critical mass
• nuclear chain reaction

References

1. ^ Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering
2. ^ [R. Brissot, J.P. Boucquet, J. Crançon,C.R. Guet, H.A. Nifenecker. and Montoya, M., “Kinetic-Energy Distribution for Symmetric Fission of 235U”, Proc. of a Symp. On Phys. And Chem. Of Fission, IAEA. Vienna, 1980 (1979)
3. ^ M. Montoya, E. Saettone, J. Rojas, “Effects of Neutron Emission on Fragment Mass and Kinetic Energy Distribution from Thermal Neutron-Induced Fission of 235U”, “AIP Conference Proceedings”, American Institute of Physics, Volume 947/October, 2007, DOI:10.1063/1.2813826, pp. 326-329
4. ^ M. Montoya, E. Saettone, J. Rojas, “Monte Carlo Simulation for fragment mass and kinetic energy distribution from neutron-induced fission of U 235″ , Revista Mexicana de Física 53 (5) 366-370, oct 2007
5. ^ M. Montoya, J. Rojas, I. Lobato, “Neutron emission effects on final fragments mass and kinetic energy distribution from low energy fission of U 234″, Revista Mexicana de Física, 54(6) dic 2008

External links

• Hybrid nuclear reactors:delayed neutrons
• Beta is not the delayed neutron (population) fraction

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompt_neutron”
Categories: Nuclear technology | Neutron

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Try Beta
• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

 

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

Languages

• Deutsch
• Polski
• ???????

• This page was last modified on 21 November 2009 at 08:42.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
  additional terms may apply.
  See Terms of Use for details.
  
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

white sox corn hole set

International Student Festival in Trondheim

Jump to: navigation, search

A bookpile illustrating the theme of the festival of 2005 “Education, why?”.

ISFiT (International Student Festival In Trondheim) is a student festival held in Trondheim, Norway, every two years. The idea of an international student festival in Trondheim originated in 1988. Trondheim has always been a city with great traditions for student commitment and activities, yet some believed that there was room for more. By bringing together students from many different parts of the world, they wanted to create an event that would be both a conference and a festival. At the first festival in 1990, 400 hundred students from 45 countries participated.

ISFiT has grown to become the world’s largest thematic student festival with more than 105 countries represented in 2001. Each festival has presented speakers of high international caliber - among them the student activist Chai Ling, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Director-General of WHO Gro Harlem Brundtland, Dr. Klaus Töpfer from the UN and Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Wangari Maathai. At ISFiT, a diversity of young people get the opportunity to meet each other. The festival aims to be an arena for overcoming cultural, political and religious borderlines, in order to promote tolerance and understanding.

In 2003, an American college student, along with a Palestinian student organized a peace march through the streets of Trondheim that included many festival attendees, as well as Trondheim locals. The march was organized in response to the impending occupation of Iraq by the United States. Letters were drafted, addressed to both George W. Bush and Kofi Annan, the secretary general of the UN at the time, stating ISFIT’s opposition to an Iraq invasion. The peace march made the national Norwegian news, but its challenge to the world leaders went unanswered.

Themes

• 2009, Peacebuilding
• 2007, Global Boundaries”
• 2005, Education. Why?
• 2003, Challenging Attitudes
• 2001, Global Responsibility
• 1999, Solving Conflicts
• 1997, Quality of Life
• 1994, Human Rights
• 1992, Breaking Communication Barriers
• 1990, A Changing Europe - What are the responsibilities of the students and their universities?

External links

• ISFiT’s website

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Student_Festival_in_Trondheim”
Categories: Festivals in Norway | Student cultureHidden categories: Norway articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates

• This page was last modified on 26 November 2009 at 08:36.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
  additional terms may apply.
  See Terms of Use for details.
  
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

dirxie narco 600

Adamas

Jump to: navigation, search

Adamas
—  Town  —
located in Greece” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Greece_location_map.svg/300px-Greece_location_map.svg.png” width=”300″ height=”247″ /> Adamas Location in Greece
Coordinates: aerial photos, and other data for this location”>36°43?30?N 24°26?42?E? / ?36.725°N 24.445°E? / 36.725; 24.445
Country	Greece
Periphery	South Aegean
Prefecture	Cyclades
Island	Milos
Population
- Total	1,100

Adamas or Adamantas (in modern colloquial Greek)(from the Greek ??????= “diamond”, “invincible”) is the harbor town of Milos (or Melos) island. It has a population of 1,100 people.

Highlights:

• The English/French cemetery, used in the years of the Crimean war and also in the two World Wars.
• The 600-year-old church of the Holy Trinity.
• The Mineral museum.

Adamas is the cultural and commercial center of the island.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamas”
Categories: Cyclades | Cities, towns and villages in the Cyclades Prefecture

Views

• Article
• Discussion
• Edit this page
• History

Personal tools

• Try Beta
• Log in / create account

Navigation

• Main page
• Contents
• Featured content
• Current events
• Random article

Search

 

Interaction

• About Wikipedia
• Community portal
• Recent changes
• Contact Wikipedia
• Donate to Wikipedia
• Help

Toolbox

• What links here
• Related changes
• Upload file
• Special pages
• Printable version
• Permanent link
• Cite this page

Languages

• Català
• ????????
• Español
• Français
• Polski

• This page was last modified on 10 December 2009 at 01:29.
• Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;
  additional terms may apply.
  See Terms of Use for details.
  
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
• Contact us
• Privacy policy
• About Wikipedia
• Disclaimers

christian audigier stiletto tank