(Redirected from Shot at dawn)
Jump to: navigation, search
It has been suggested that Execution by shooting be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)
Part of a series on
Capital punishment
Issues
Debate · Religion and capital punishment · Wrongful execution
By country or region
Australia · Brazil · Bulgaria · Canada · PR China · Cook Islands · Denmark · Ecuador · Egypt · France · Germany · India · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Italy · Japan · Liechtenstein · Malaysia · Mexico · Mongolia · Netherlands · New Zealand · North Korea · Pakistan · Philippines · Poland · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Saudi Arabia · Singapore · South Korea · Suriname · Taiwan (ROC) · Tonga · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States · Venezuela
Serbian prisoners of war are arranged in a semi circle and executed by an Austrian firing squad, 1917 (World War I)
The Third of May by Francisco Goya
Execution by firing squad is a method of capital punishment, particularly common in military circumstances or in times of war. The firing squad is generally composed of several soldiers or peace officers. The method of execution requires all members of the group to fire simultaneously, thus preventing both disruption of the process by a single member and identification of the member who fired the lethal shot. Some official protocols called for inclusion of one or more blank cartridges randomly distributed among the live ammunition, giving each squad member a chance of not having killed. The condemned is typically blindfolded or hooded, as well as restrained - though in some cases, condemned prisoners have asked to be allowed to face the firing squad without their eyes covered. Executions can be carried out with the condemned either standing or sitting.
Execution by firing squad is distinct from other forms of execution by firearms, such as a single shot from a handgun to the back of the head or neck. However, the single shot (coup de grâce) is sometimes incorporated in a firing squad execution, particularly if the initial volley turns out not to be immediately fatal.
The method is also the supreme punishment or disciplinary means employed by courts martial for crimes such as cowardice, desertion or mutiny. One such execution was that of Private Eddie Slovik by the U.S. Army in 1945. Slovik was the only U.S. soldier executed for desertion since the American Civil War. It has also been applied for violent crimes carried out by soldiers, such as murder or rape. Also notably, Jean-Marie Bastien-Thiry was executed by firing squad for his participation in the assassination attempt on French President Charles de Gaulle.
Firing squads have also been used for political crimes. Romanian Communistleader Nicolae Ceau?escu (December 25, 1989) is an example of this.
There is a tradition in some jurisdictions that such executions are carried out at first light, or at sunrise, which is usually up to half an hour later. This gave rise to the phrase ’shot at dawn’, which has become particularly associated with the campaign (see below) to achieve a pardon for British servicemen shot for apparent cowardice in World War I.
Contents
1By country
1.1Firing squads in Brazil
1.2Firing squads in Canada
1.3Firing squads in Finland
1.4Firing squads in Indonesia
1.5Firing squads in Israel
1.6Firing squads in Mexico
1.7Firing squads in The Netherlands
1.8Firing squads in Norway
1.9Firing squads in the Philippines
1.10Firing squads in the United Arab Emirates
1.11Firing squads in the United Kingdom
1.12Firing squads in Ireland
1.13Firing squads in the United States
2See also
3References
4Further reading
5External links
By country
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (January 2010)
Firing squads in Brazil
In 1825, the priest Frei Joaquim do Amor Divino Rabelo “Caneca”, was tried for insurgency against the Imperial Government and sentenced to death by hanging. However, the hangmen refused to execute a priest. Frei Caneca was tied to the gallows pole and executed by a firing squad. The last criminal execution in Brazil was carried out in 1861 in Paraíba state, by hanging.
Since 1891, the firing squad has been the only legal method of death penalty in Brazil. During dictatorial periods (1937-1945, and 1969-1983), the death penalty was prescribed for “crimes against national security”. The only death sentenced under the National Security Law was that of Theodomiro Romeiro Santos, who was convicted in 1970 for killing an Air Force sergeant in Salvador, Bahia state, but President Médici commuted the sentence to life imprisonment as a result of an appeal by the Catholic Church. Today, the death penalty in Brazil is legal only for military crimes at times of war, but has never been used.
Firing squads in Canada
Canada, under British courts martial, executed 25 soldiers for military crimes, chiefly cowardice and desertion, in the First World War, and maintained the death sentence in the Canadian Criminal Code until 1976, and militarily until 1998 (although the last execution held in Canada was in 1962). One soldier was executed during the Second World War, Private Harold Joseph Pringle of The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment, who was executed in Italy in 1945 for murder. The novel Execution is a fictional treatment of this incident, and inspired the television movie Firing Squad. In general, Canadian firing squads and the imposition of capital punishment was patterned after the British military justice system.
Firing squads in Finland
Soviet infiltrator being shot during the Continuation War.
The death penalty was widely used during and after the Finnish Civil War; some 9,700 Finns were executed during the war or its aftermath. Most executions were carried out by firing squads after the sentences were given by illegal or semi-legal courts martial. Only some 250 persons were sentenced to death in courts acting on legal authority.
During World War II, some 500 persons were executed, half of them condemned spies. The usual causes for death penalty for Finnish citizens were treason and high treason (and to a lesser extent cowardice and disobedience, applicable for military personnel). Almost all cases of capital punishment were carried out by court martial. Usually, the executions were carried out by the regimental military police platoon, or in the case of spies, by the local military police. Most executions occurred in 1941, and during the Soviet Summer Offensive in 1944. The last death sentences were given in 1945 for murder, but later commuted to life imprisonment.
The death penalty was abolished by Finnish law in 1949 for crimes committed during peacetime, and in 1972 for all crimes. Finland is party to the Optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, forbidding the use of the death penalty in all circumstances.
Firing squads in Indonesia
Execution by firing squad is the common capital punishment method used in Indonesia. Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva, and Marinus Riwu were executed in 2006. Nigerian drug smugglers Samuel Iwachekwu Okoye and Hansen Anthoni Nwaolisa were executed in June 2008 in Nusakambangan Island. Five months afterwards, three men convicted for the 2002 Bali bombing, Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron were executed on the same spot in Nusakambangan on November 2008.
Firing squads in Israel
Meir Tobianski, an officer in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) during the early days of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, was falsely accused of espionage and sentenced to death on June 30, 1948, in what was later acknowledged to have been a serious miscarriage of justice. He was immediately afterwards executed by firing squad, in the depopulated Arab village of Beit Jiz. In the early 1950s, Israel abolished the death penalty for ordinary crimes (Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann was the only person since executed), and there are no other publicly known cases of Israeli usage of a firing squad.
Firing squads in Mexico
During the Mexican Independence War, several Independentist generals (such as Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos) were executed by Spanish firing squads. Also, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and several of his generals were executed in the Cerro de las Campanas after the Juaristas took control of Mexico in 1867.Manet immortalized the execution in a now-famous painting, The Execution of Emperor Maximilian; he painted at least three versions.
Firing squad execution was the most common way to execute a death sentence in Mexico, especially during the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. After these events, the death sentence was reduced to some events in Article 22 of the Mexican Constitution; however, on June 18, 2008 capital punishment was abolished completely.
Firing squads in The Netherlands
Anton Mussert, a Dutch Nazi leader, was sentenced to death by firing squad and executed in the dunes near The Hague on May 7, 1946. Besides him, about 40 people were executed in The Netherlands after World War II.
Firing squads in Norway
Vidkun Quisling and 36 others convicted of treason and/or war crimes in Norway during the legal purge in Norway after World War II, were executed by firing squad at specially designated places, under the command of the local police chief. Quisling was executed at the Akershus Fortress on October 24, 1945. The death penalty was abolished in Norway for all crimes in 1979.
Firing squads in the Philippines
Historically, Spanish colonists in the Philippines used firing squads as a method of capital punishment to suppress the growing anti-colonial revolution; the other method being by garrote. Jose Rizal, who is now the National Hero of the Philippines, was executed by firing squad on the morning of December 30, 1896, in what is now the Luneta Park where his remains were since placed. The thirteen martyrs of Cavite were also executed this way.
During the Marcos administration, drug trafficking was punishable by firing squad, as was done to Lim Seng. The execution was aired live on television. Execution by firing squad was later replaced by lethal injection. By June 24, 2006, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo abolished capital punishment by Republic Act 9346. Existing death row inmates, which totalled in the thousands, were eventually given life sentences or reclusion perpetua instead.
Firing squads in the United Arab Emirates
In the United Arab Emirates, firing squad is the preferred method of execution.
Firing squads in the United Kingdom
Main article: Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
Execution by firing squad in the United Kingdom was limited to times of war, armed insurrection, and within the military, although is now outlawed in all circumstances, along with all other forms of capital punishment.
Within the military, Admiral John Byng was one of the most senior officers and the last of his rank to be executed in this fashion. He was shot on March 14, 1757 at Portsmouth, for “failing to do his utmost” in an encounter with the French fleet during the Seven Years’ War. Australian soldiers Harry “Breaker” Morant and Peter Handcock were shot by a British firing squad on February 27, 1902, for alleged war crimes during the Boer War; many questions have since been raised as to whether they received a fair trial. Morant’s (now famous) final words were “Shoot straight, you bastards! Don’t make a mess of it!”. The Australian Imperial Force which served throughout World War I had provision for (but never utilised) execution by firing squad. This was despite strong pressure brought upon the Australian Government to do so by the British High Command. The reason proposed for withholding this punishment was that since the AIF was an all-volunteer force, it did not warrant its application.
The Tower of London was used during both World Wars for executions: during World War I, 11 captured German spies were shot. On August 15, 1941, German Corporal Josef Jakobs was shot for espionage during World War II.
Private Thomas Highgate was the first British soldier to be convicted of desertion and then executed by firing squad during the First World War. Particularly since the 1960s, there has been some controversy concerning 346 British and Imperial troops — including 25 Canadians, 22 Irish and 5 New Zealanders — who were shot for desertion, murder, cowardice and other offences during the war, some of whom are now thought to have been suffering from combat stress reaction or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (”shell-shock”, as it was then known). This led to organisations such as the Shot at Dawn Campaign being set up in later years to try to uncover just why these soldiers were executed. The Shot at Dawn Memorial was erected to honor these soldiers.
Capital punishment in the UK, including the military, was formally outlawed by the Human Rights Act 1998 (s. 21(5)), although capital punishment for murder had been abolished before this, and there have been no judicial executions by any method since 1964.
Firing squads in Ireland
Following the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland, 15 of the 16 rebel leaders were shot by the British military authorities under martial law. One leader, James Connolly, who could not stand because a bullet had already shattered his ankle during the fighting, was strapped to a chair and shot. The executions have often been cited as a reason for how the rebels managed to galvanise public support in Ireland after their failed rebellion.
In the ensuing Irish War of Independence (1919-1921), the British authorities were wary of carrying out executions, for fear of further inflaming nationalist sentiment. Nevertheless, 14 Irish Republican Army (IRA) members were shot by firing squad during the conflict. The IRA also used formal firing squads, for example during the Killings at Coolacrease.
However, the most draconian use of this punishment in the period came after the British had withdrawn from the Irish Free State. In the Irish Civil War of 1922-23, the new Irish government officially executed 77 Anti-Treaty IRA members by firing squad (see Executions during the Irish Civil War).
Firing squads in the United States
Main article: Capital punishment in the United States
According to Espy and Smylka it is estimated that 142 men have been judicially shot in the United States and English-speaking predecessor territories since 1608, excluding executions related to the American Civil War. The Civil War saw several hundred firing squad deaths, but reliable numbers are not available. Crimes punishable by firing squad in the Civil War included desertion, intentionally killing a superior officer or fellow soldier, and espionage.
Firing squad history and laws in the U.S. Color key:Secondary method onlyFormerly used firing squad, but does not today Has never used firing squad
Capital punishment was suspended in the United States between 1972 and 1976, as a result of several decisions of the United States Supreme Court (Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238). The process resumed with the execution of Gary Gilmore on January 17, 1977, at Utah State Prison in Draper. The five executioners were equipped with .30-30 caliber rifles and off-the-shelf Winchester 150 grain (9.7 g) SilverTip ammunition. The condemned was restrained and hooded, and the shots were fired at a distance of 20 feet (6 m), aiming at the chest. In his biography Shot in the Heart, Mikal Gilmore wrote that when he examined the shirt worn by his brother Gary during the execution, he found five bullet holes, indicating that all members of the squad had been armed with live cartridges, and none with a blank round.
The only other post-Furman execution by firing squad, that of John Albert Taylor in 1996, also took place in Utah. Taylor reportedly chose this method of execution, in the word of the New York Times, “to make a statement that Utah was sanctioning murder.”
In Utah, the firing squad consisted of five volunteer police officers from the county in which the conviction of the offender took place. A law passed on March 15, 2004, banned execution by firing squad in Utah, but since that specific law was not retroactive, four inmates (one, Roberto Arguelles died of natural causes on death row, leaving only three) on Utah’s death row could still have their last requests granted. As of 2009, Oklahoma is the only other state in which execution by firing squad is legally available (as a backup method only; the state uses lethal injection as its primary method of execution). However, on April 1, 2009, a bill to eliminate firing squad as a method of execution in Idaho was enacted, and took effect July 1, 2009. As of 2009, only Oklahoma and Utah have the option of the firing squad as a method of execution.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Firing squad
Capital punishment in the United Kingdom
Capital punishment in the United States
Courts of the United Kingdom
Court-martial
Shot at Dawn Memorial
Use of death penalty worldwide
Execution by shooting
Harry Farr
References
^ 1947 US Army Manual 27-4 “Procedure for Military Executions”
^ War Victims of Finland 1914-1922 at the Finnish National Archives
^ ab Yliopistolehti 1995
^Kuolemantuomio kuolemantuomiolle at Statistics Finland (in Finnish)
^ BBC NEWS | Programmes | From Our Own Correspondent | Philippines ‘restores’ death penalty
^ Sun Star Cebu. 25 June, 2006. Arroyo kills death law
^ United Arab Emirates (UAE): Death penalty, Amnesty International (Urgent Action), April 3, 2002.
^Shapiro, Fred R., ed (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press. p. 536. ISBN 978-0300107982. http://books.google.com/books?id=w5-GR-qtgXsC&lpg=PA536&dq=Shoot%20straight%2C%20you%20bastards!%20Don’t%20make%20a%20mess%20of%20it!&client=firefox-a&pg=PA536#v=onepage&q=Shoot%20straight,%20you%20bastards!%20Don’t%20make%20a%20mess%20of%20it!&f=false. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
^ The Shot at Dawn Campaign The New Zealand government pardoned their troops in 2000; the British government in 1998 expressed sympathy for the executed, and in 2006, the Secretary of State for Defence announced a full pardon for all 306 executed soldiers from the First World War.
^ The Daily Telegraph, Ben Fenton, August 16, 2006, accessed October 14, 2006
^ M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smylka’s database, “Executions in the U.S. 1608-2002: The Espy File.” (Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research
^“Firing Squad Executes Killer”. The New York Times. 1996-01-27. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2D61F39F934A15752C0A960958260. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
^ abc“Methods of Execution”. Death Penalty Information Center. 2009. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
^“Recent Legislative Activity”. Death Penalty Information Center. 2009. http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/recent-legislative-activity. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
Further reading
Moore, William, The Thin Yellow Line, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1974
Putkowski and Sykes, Shot at Dawn, Leo Cooper, 2006
External links
Firing Squad Execution of a Civil War Deserter Described in an 1861 Newspaper
The Shot At Dawn Campaign with biographies of executed British and Commonwealth soldiers
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad”
Categories: Execution methods | Penal system in the United KingdomHidden categories: Articles to be merged from February 2009 | All articles to be merged | Articles with limited geographic scope | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010
Views
Article
Discussion
Edit this page
History
Personal tools
Try Beta
Log in / create account
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Printable version
Permanent link
Cite this page
Languages
?esky
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
Français
Galego
???
Italiano
?????
Magyar
Nederlands
???
?Norsk (bokmål)?
?Norsk (nynorsk)?
Polski
Português
???????
Svenska
???????/Tatarça
Türkçe
??
This page was last modified on 10 March 2010 at 00:52.
King Geedorah / King Ghidra (MF DOOM) (1997 - 2003)
Megalon (Tommy Gunn) (1997 - 2008)
King Caesar (X-Ray) (1998 - 2004)
Kamackeris (Kwite Def) (1998 - 2004)
Gigan (Zymeer) (2001 - 2004)
Rodan (Doc Morreau / Rodan (rapper)) (1998 - 2004)
Ray Long (not actually in the crew, just brothers with Megalon)
Wayne-O
Yves St. Larock (deceased)
SpaceGodZilla (DJ Subroc) (deceased, 1993)
Bashton (2004 - 2009)
Monsta Island Czars is a hip-hop group based in New York City, New York, USA most notable for members MF Grimm and former member MF DOOM.
Contents
1History
2Rumored Splitup
3Myspace Relaunch
4Discography
4.1Albums
4.2Singles
4.3Appearances
5References
6External links
History
The members of the group take their names from movie monsters from Toho’s Godzilla movies. Their first full length album, Escape from Monsta Island! was released in 2003 by Metal Face Records. Most M.I.C. (as they are often abbreviated) tracks are produced by King Caesar (aka X-Ray) or King Geedorah (aka MF DOOM) (Both of whom are absent from the MF Grimm American Hunger album. As MF DOOM is apparently feuding with M.I.C, and specifically MF Grimm, it appears doubtful that he will produce any future tracks.) There was a rumor that the remaining members of M.I.C. were set to Release a new album titled ‘Return To Monsta Island’ sometime in 2007, this rumor was dispelled in an interview with X-Ray.
Rumored Splitup
Around the time the rumor of “Return to Monsta Island” was dispelled, fans are unsure whether the group is on hiatus or have split up. Clues include of their Myspace webpage being mysteriously cancelled, their official site (monstaisland.com) being down for a long time, and some fan confirmation about one of its former members X-Ray (King Ceasar) knowing the story about whether the Czars are still active or not. Some of the older M.I.C. members have scattered to other record labels such as Mindbenda Recordings & Classified Recordings. Although there is some confirmation that the Czars are still active and have made tracks for their upcoming album.
Since the release of “Escape from Monsta Island!” and the supposed split of the M.I.C., MF Grimm (Jet Jaguar) and Bed Stuy rapper Poison Pen have collaborated on a track for “Stronghold: the Mixtap, Vol. 2″ under the moniker Strong Monstas (a collaborative of Stronghold and M.I.C. members). In the intro to the song, Grimm names himself, Poison Pen (Stronghold), Breez Evahflowin (Stronghold) and Rodan (M.I.C.) as the members of Strong Monstas.
Myspace Relaunch
On February 2008, a new myspace page for the Monsta Island Czars has been created featuring some of their latest music as well as old ones. It is unclear if it’s fanmade or a relaunch of the original M.I.C. myspace that was shut down in early 2007.
Discography
Albums
The Next 1,000 Years (Unreleased, 2001)
Escape from Monsta Island! (2003)
Back To Tha Island!! (TBR)
Singles
Run the Sphere 12″
Escape / MIC Line 12″
Appearances
Operation: Doomsday (MF DOOM album) (1999)
Monster Mixes, Vol. 1 (X-Ray album) (2002)
The Downfall of Ibliys: A Ghetto Opera (MF Grimm album) (2002)
Take Me to Your Leader (King Geedorah album) (2003)
Monsta Mixes, Vol. 2 (X-Ray album) (2003)
Theophany: The Book of Elevations (Rodan album) (2004)
A Penny For Your Thoughts (Megalon album) (2004)
Scars and Memories (MF Grimm album) (2005)
Soundclash #1: MeccaGodZilla vs. 007 (RAVAGE the MeccaGodZilla album) (2005)
Shrinky Dinks are a children’s toy/activity kit consisting of large flexible sheets which, when heated in an oven, shrink to small hard plates without altering their color or shape. They reached the height of their popularity in the 1980s. Most sets are pre-printed with outline images of popular children’s characters or other subjects, which are then colored in before baking.
Shrinky Dinks were invented in 1973 by Betty Morris and Kathryn Bloomberg of Brookfield, Wisconsin, as a Cub Scout project with their sons. The first kits were sold at a local shopping mall and became very popular. Shrinky Dinks were soon licensed to be manufactured by the major toy companies of the time such as Milton Bradley, Colorforms, Western Publishing and Skyline Toys. The shrink plastic is still available from many retailers and can be used for anything from charms to pins.
The base material consists of thin, flexible polystyrene plastic sheets. Any sheets marked with code 6/PS can be reused as DIY shrink sheets. Code 6 plastic is common in packaging, and it can be easily recycled from discarded containers.
Prior to heating, the plastic sheets can be colored with felt-tip pens, acrylic paint, colored pencils, etc. and cut into shapes. However, oily or waxy substances (such as cheap colored pencils, crayons, or oil paint) are not suitable because they melt or burn in high heat. When heated in an oven or with a heat gun, the plastic shrinks by about 5/8ths and becomes thicker and more rigid, while retaining the colored design.
Although Shrinky Dinks is considered to be an arts and crafts product for children, many adult crafters find the product to be suitable for jewelry making and other projects. Blank sheets are available for this purpose.
Recently, University of California, Merced Professor Michelle Khine has applied Shrinky Dinks to create tiny structures for the application of microfluidics to topics such as stem cell research.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles depicted in Shrinky Dinks
In 1992, the California rock band Sugar Ray formed with the name “Shrinky Dinx”, but later changed it upon threat of lawsuit from Hasbro.
References
^ Doris Hajewski, “Shrinky Dinks founder hopes to sell toy business”, The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Oct. 27, 2008.
^Anthony Grimes, David N. Breslauer, Maureen Long, Jonathan Pegan, Luke P. Lee, and Michelle Khine (2008). “Shrinky-Dink microfluidics: rapid generation of deep and rounded patterns”. Lab Chip8: 170–172. doi:10.1039/b711622e. http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/LC/article.asp?doi=b711622e. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
See also “Shrinky Dink Microfluidics”. Chemical Technology2008 (01). 2007-12-05. http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/ChemTech/Volume/2008/01/Shrinky-Dink_microfluidics.asp. Retrieved 2009-06-29.
External links
Shrinky Dinks homepage
Shrinky Dinks Christmas
Shrinky-Dink microfluidics: rapid generation of deep and rounded patterns
Shrinky-Dink Hanging Drops: A Simple Way to Form and Culture Embryoid Bodies
A children’s toy inspires a cheap, easy production method for high-tech diagnostic chips
This toys-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrinky_Dinks”
Categories: Art and craft toys | 1973 introductions | Toys of the 1970s | Goods manufactured in the United States | Toys stubs
Views
Article
Discussion
Edit this page
History
Personal tools
Try Beta
Log in / create account
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Printable version
Permanent link
Cite this page
This page was last modified on 16 January 2010 at 19:49.
The Cincinnati Reds’ 1966 season consisted of the Reds finishing in seventh place in the National League, with a record of 76-84, 18 games behind the NL Champion Los Angeles Dodgers. The Reds were managed by Don Heffner (37-46) and Dave Bristol (39-38), who replaced Heffner in mid-July.
Contents
1Offseason
2Regular season
2.1Season standings
2.2Notable transactions
2.3Roster
3Player stats
3.1Batting
3.1.1Starters by position
3.1.2Other batters
3.2Pitching
3.2.1Starting pitchers
3.2.2Other pitchers
3.2.3Relief pitchers
4Farm system
5Notes
6References
Offseason
December 9, 1965: Frank Robinson was traded by the Reds to the Baltimore Orioles for Milt Pappas, Jack Baldschun, and Dick Simpson.
Baltimore • Boston • California • Chicago • Cleveland • Detroit • Kansas City • Minnesota • New York • Washington
National League
Atlanta • Chicago • Cincinnati • Houston • Los Angeles • New York Mets • Philadelphia • Pittsburgh • San Francisco • St. Louis
1966 Major League Baseball Draft • 1966 All-Star Game • 1966 World Series
v•d•e
Cincinnati Reds
Formerly the Cincinnati Red Stockings and the Cincinnati Redlegs · Based in Cincinnati, Ohio
The Franchise
History · Seasons · Records · Players · Managers · Broadcasters
Ballparks
Bank Street Grounds · League Park · League Park II · Palace of the Fans · Crosley Field · Riverfront Stadium ·Great American Ball Park Spring Training: Tinker Field • Sixto Escobar Stadium · Plant Field · Al Lopez Field · Plant City Stadium · Ed Smith Stadium ·Goodyear Ballpark
Culture
Mr. Red · Black Sox Scandal · The Big Red Machine · The Nasty Boys · Dowd Report · Hall of Fame · Award Winners and League Leaders
Rivalries
Ohio Cup
Important Figures
Pete Rose · Johnny Bench · Joe Morgan · Tony Perez · Dave Concepcion · George Foster · Frank Robinson · Edd Roush · Frank McCormick · Bid McPhee · Barry Larkin · Eric Davis · Ernie Lombardi · Ted Kluszewski · Sparky Anderson · Bill McKechnie
Retired Numbers
1 ·5 ·8 ·10 ·13 ·18 ·20 ·24 ·42
Key Personnel
Owner: Robert Castellini · General Manager: Walt Jocketty ·Manager: Dusty Baker
Cincinnati Reds Radio Network · 700 WLW · Fox Sports Ohio
This article relating to a Cincinnati Reds baseball season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Cincinnati_Reds_season”
Categories: Cincinnati Reds seasons | 1966 Major League Baseball season | Cincinnati Reds season stubs
Views
Article
Discussion
Edit this page
History
Personal tools
Try Beta
Log in / create account
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Printable version
Permanent link
Cite this page
This page was last modified on 18 November 2009 at 22:12.
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009)
Armstrongism refers to the teachings and doctrines of Herbert W. Armstrong while leader of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG), and is professed by him and his followers to be the restored true Gospel of the Bible. Armstrong said they were revealed to him by God during his study of the Bible. (Mystery of the Ages, pp. 7-30). The term “Armstrongite” is sometimes used to refer to those that follow Armstrong’s teachings. “Armstrongism” and “Armstrongite” are generally considered derogatory by those to whom it is applied, who prefer to be known as members of the “Church of God”. The doctrines discussed on this page can be found in several of Armstrong’s writings, especially The Ambassador College Bible Correspondence Course, The Incredible Human Potential, The Wonderful World Tomorrow and Mystery of the Ages.
Armstrong taught that most of the basic doctrines and teachings of ‘mainstream’ Christianity were based on traditions, including absorbed pagan concepts and rituals (i.e. religious syncretism), rather than the Judeo-Christian Bible. His teachings have consequently been the source of much controversy. Shortly after Armstrong’s death in 1986, the Worldwide Church of God started revising its core beliefs towards the concepts, doctrines, and creeds of mainstream Christianity. This resulted in many ministers and members leaving the WCG to start or join other churches, many of which continue to believe and teach Armstrong’s views to one degree or another. Eventually, the WCG changed its name in 2009 to Grace Communion International (GCI). Today, the official doctrinal position of GCI is mainstream evangelical, although there are still GCI ministers and members who do not fully embrace all of the changes.
Contents
1Doctrinal differences
1.1God Family
1.2Church authority
1.3Sabbatarianism and Old Testament beliefs
1.4British-Israelism
1.5Other non-mainstream teachings
2Related churches
3See also
4Selected Armstrong writings
5References
6External links
6.1Pro-Armstrong
6.2Anti-Armstrong
6.3Related Movements
Doctrinal differences
The following are some of Armstrong’s identifiable doctrines that are in addition to or are different from traditional mainstream Christian doctrines. Many groups and churches which splintered in the aftermath of doctrinal changes within the Worldwide Church of God continue to hold many or all of these teachings of Armstrong.
God Family
The God Family doctrine holds that the Godhead is not limited to God (the Creator) alone, or even to a trinitarian God, but is a divine family into which every human who ever lived may be spiritually born, through a master plan to be enacted in stages. The Godhead now temporarily consists of two co-eternal individuals (see Binitarianism), Jesus the Messiah, as the creator and spokesman (The Word or Logos), and God the Father.
According to this doctrine, humans who are called by God’s Holy Spirit to repentance, who accept the gift of eternal life made possible by Jesus’ sacrifice, who commit to live by “every word of God” (i.e. biblical scripture), and who “endure to the end” (i.e. remain faithful to live according to God’s way of life until either the end of their own lifetime or the second coming of Jesus) would, at Jesus’ return, be “born again” into the family of God as the literal spiritual offspring or children of God. Armstrong drew parallels between every stage of human reproduction and this spiritual reproduction. He often stated that “God is reproducing after His own kind — children in His own image.” Whatever the changes brought about by this new entrance of humans into God’s family, God the Father will always be the omnipotent sovereign and sustainer of both the universe and the spiritual realm, forever to be worshipped as God by the children of God. Jesus, as the creator of the universe and savior of God’s children, will always rule the Kingdom of God, which will ultimately grow to fill the entire universe, and He likewise will forever be worshipped as God by the children of God.
Church authority
Armstrong taught the Bible (excluding the apocrypha and deuterocanonical books) is the authoritative Word of God (The Proof of the Bible). He taught that the Bible, while inerrant in its message, had been distorted through many conflicting interpretations, and it was not until the 20th century that God had restored the full Gospel message of the Kingdom of God, as understood by the original apostles, to the Church through him (Armstrong) by opening his mind to the plain truth of scripture (Mystery of the Ages, pp. 7-30). Armstrong taught that all other churches calling themselves “Christian” were not merely apostate, but actually counterfeits whose history could be traced back to the first century, as described in the epistles (which refer to a “false gospel” and false ministers and apostles), the eighth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles (the appropriation of “Christian” trappings by influential and ambitious pagan religious figures ) and later historians like Eusebius.
Sabbatarianism and Old Testament beliefs
The observance of the Sabbath from dusk on Friday to dusk on Saturday was the first non-traditional religious practice (as compared to orthodox Christianity) that Armstrong adopted. Armstrong wrote in several of his books that his wife, Loma, after she met a member of a Sabbatarian church group (the Church of God (Seventh-Day)), challenged him to prove to her from scripture that, as Herbert claimed, Sunday was the proper day for Christian worship. After months of bible study, Armstrong decided that there was no sound scriptural authority for Christian worship on Sunday, but rather that the Apostles and the first generation of Christians, both Jewish and gentile converts, continued for decades after the establishment of the Church age to set an example of observing the seventh day of the week (Friday at sunset to Saturday at sunset) as the Sabbath.
Eventually, Armstrong accepted and observed many principles and laws found in the Old Testament and taught converts to do the same. These included the ten commandments, dietary laws, tithing, and celebration of high Sabbaths, or annual feast days such as Passover, Pentecost and the Feast of Tabernacles. Furthermore, he taught that the celebrations of Christmas and Easter were inappropriate for Christians, considering them not of biblical origin, but rather a later absorption of pagan practices into corrupted Christianity.
British-Israelism
Armstrong was a proponent of British Israelism, (also known as ‘Anglo-Israelism’) which is the doctrine that people of Western European descent, especially the British Empire (Ephraim) and the United States, (Manasseh) are descended from the ‘Ten Lost Tribes’ of Israel. (The United States and Britain in Prophecy). Armstrong believed that this doctrine provided a ‘key’ to understanding biblical prophecy, and that he was specially called by God to proclaim these prophecies to the ‘lost tribes’ of Israel before the coming of the ‘end-times’. Grace Communion International, the lineal successor to Armstrong’s original church, no longer teaches the doctrine, but many offshoot churches continue to teach it even though critics assert that British Israelism is inconsistent with the findings of modern genetics.
Other non-mainstream teachings
God will soon set up His government on earth, under the rule of Jesus at his second coming, rescuing humanity from sin and self-annihilation, inspiring mankind to voluntarily turn to God’s law, and ushering in a 1000 year period of peace, prosperity, and justice under the rule of the children of God, who are the biblical saints and faithful members of the Worldwide Church of God who are “born again” as spirit in the 1st resurrection at Jesus’ return to the Earth.
Non-believers are not yet eternally judged, having a future opportunity for salvation after a mortal resurrection (the 2nd resurrection).
The vast majority of all people who have ever lived will be saved, thus the relatively small number of true Christians of this age are predestined to be merely the early “firstfruits” of God’s harvest to help teach the majority of humanity raised by the 2nd resurrection.
The strict observance of the ten commandments is a voluntary response of Christians to receiving the unearned gift of salvation from God. The ten commandments are an eternal and inexorable law set in motion by God which brings about every good effect when obeyed, but which exact pain, suffering, and eventually death (especially an ultimate spiritual death) when violated.
The Holy Days of the Old Testament are still to be observed by Christians, and teach symbolically the seven steps of God’s master plan of salvation for humanity.
A system of tithing in which 10% of one’s total increase is donated to the church (”first tithe”) for its operation and for sharing the gospel with the world; a second 10% was to be saved for the Christian family’s expenses during the Holy Days (”second tithe”), and during the third and sixth year of each seven-year cycle, a third 10% was to be used for the indigent, widows, and orphans within the church (”third tithe”).
Abstinence of eating unclean meats listed in the Old Testament such as pork, shellfish, etc.
God’s children are not actually “born again” into spirit until after the return of Jesus to the Earth.
The “sleep” state of the dead, meaning the dead have not yet been judged, rewarded, or condemned, but rather wait to be resurrected.
A celestial heaven apart from the created universe is not the reward of saved humans, but rather the remade Earth under the rulership and personal presence of God, i.e. heaven (God’s presence) is coming to Earth.
Punishment of the incorrigible is not an eternity of torment in hell, but rather a merciful annihilation, through fire, by the edict of God.
Humans are completely mortal (i.e. do not possess an immortal “soul”), but salvation is the free, unearned gift of eternal life in God’s family as children of God, given upon the prerequisite of faith in God and repentance from sin, which then results in a motivation to completely observe God’s eternal laws.
Three resurrections of the dead — (1) faithful believers as the first fruit harvest at Jesus’ second coming, (2) non-believers temporarily resurrected to mortality for an opportunity to learn and accept God’s way, (3) resurrection to final judgment of the incorrigibly wicked—those whose minds had been fully opened to God’s truth, either in this age or after the second resurrection, and rejected it—mainly those truly called but who fell away, and those who incorrigibly rebel in the “Wonderful World Tomorrow”.
Related churches
There are many splinter churches, possibly more than 300, as well as second-generation splinters. Some of these are:
Christian Churches of God
Christian Educational Ministries
Church of God, 21st Century
Church of God, an International Community
Church of God International (USA)
Church of God, The Eternal
Church of God Preparing for the Kingdom of God
Church of the Eternal God
Intercontinental Church of God
Living Church of God
Philadelphia Church of God
Restored Church of God
Sabbath Church of God
United Church of God
See also
Garner Ted Armstrong One of Armstrong’s two sons.
Gerald Flurry A former WCG minister.
Roderick C. Meredith A former WCG evangelist.
Stanley Rader Armstrong’s lawyer.
Selected Armstrong writings
Autobiography of Herbert W. Armstrong.
Mystery of the Ages.
Pagan Holidays or God’s Holy Days—Which?
The Ambassador College Bible Correspondence Course.
The Incredible Human Potential.
The Plain Truth About Christmas.
The Proof of the Bible.
The Resurrection was Not on Sunday.
The United States and Britain in Prophecy.
The Wonderful World Tomorrow, What it Will be Like.
Which Day is the Christian Sabbath?
References
^Tkach, Joseph. “Transformed by Truth”. pp. Chapter 7: What we Believed.. http://www.wcg.org/lit/booklets/truth/trans7.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-16.
^Parfitt, Tudor (2003). The Lost Tribes of Israel: The history of a myth.. Phoenix. pp. 52–65.
^Orr, R. “How Anglo-Israelism Entered Seventh-day Churches of God: A history of the doctrine from John Wilson to Joseph W. Tkach.”. http://www.wcg.org/lit/prophecy/anglo/howanglo.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
^“”Transformed by Christ: A Brief History of the Worldwide Church of God”". Grace Communion International. http://www.wcg.org/lit/aboutus/history.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
External links
Pro-Armstrong
Herbert W. Armstrong Searchable Library Armstrong’s literature before being edited by the Philadelphia Church of God which now owns the copyright to some of his works.
Anti-Armstrong
Grace Communion International, “A Brief History of the Worldwide Church of God”
Ambassador Report— John Trechak’s periodical focusing on the Worldwide Church of God during the period of 1976-1999.
More information about documentary Called to be Free
The Painful Truth Website, critical of Armstrong and his successors.
What is Armstrongism? Perhaps the most clear, straightforward description of the tenets of Armstrong; very pejorative in tone.
Leaving Armstrongism Behind Ex-Armstrongism support group.
Related Movements
Christian Churches of God
Living Church of God Roderick C. Meredith.
Philadelphia Church of God Gerald R. Flurry.
The Restored Church of God David C. Pack.
United Church of God
Grace Communion International Joseph Tkach Jr.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrongism”
Categories: Church of God (Armstrong)Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2009 | All articles needing additional references
Views
Article
Discussion
Edit this page
History
Personal tools
Try Beta
Log in / create account
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Printable version
Permanent link
Cite this page
Languages
Tagalog
This page was last modified on 1 March 2010 at 00:58.
Activin receptor type-2B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR2B gene. ACVR2B is an activin type 2 receptor. Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. Type I receptors are essential for signaling; and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. Type II receptors are considered to be constitutively active kinases. This gene encodes activin A type IIB receptor, which displays a 3- to 4-fold higher affinity for the ligand than activin A type II receptor.
Interactions
ACVR2B has been shown to interact with SYNJ2BP and ACVR1B.
References
^Hilden K, Tuuri T, Eramaa M, Ritvos O (May 1994). “Expression of type II activin receptor genes during differentiation of human K562 cells and cDNA cloning of the human type IIB activin receptor”. Blood83 (8): 2163–70. PMID 8161782.
^Ishikawa S, Kai M, Murata Y, Tamari M, Daigo Y, Murano T, Ogawa M, Nakamura Y (Jul 1998). “Genomic organization and mapping of the human activin receptor type IIB (hActR-IIB) gene”. J Hum Genet43 (2): 132–4. doi:10.1007/s100380050054. PMID 9621519.
^ ab“Entrez Gene: ACVR2B activin A receptor, type IIB”. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=93.
^Matsuzaki, Takashi; Hanai Sayuri, Kishi Hisashi, Liu ZhongHui, Bao YongLi, Kikuchi Akira, Tsuchida Kunihiro, Sugino Hiromu (May. 2002). “Regulation of endocytosis of activin type II receptors by a novel PDZ protein through Ral/Ral-binding protein 1-dependent pathway”. J. Biol. Chem. (United States) 277 (21): 19008–18. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112472200. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 11882656.
^Attisano, L; Wrana J L, Montalvo E, Massagué J (Mar. 1996). “Activation of signalling by the activin receptor complex”. Mol. Cell. Biol. (UNITED STATES) 16 (3): 1066–73. ISSN 0270-7306. PMID 8622651.
^De Winter, J P; De Vries C J, Van Achterberg T A, Ameerun R F, Feijen A, Sugino H, De Waele P, Huylebroeck D, Verschueren K, Van Den Eijden-Van Raaij A J (May. 1996). “Truncated activin type II receptors inhibit bioactivity by the formation of heteromeric complexes with activin type I. receptors”. Exp. Cell Res. (UNITED STATES) 224 (2): 323–34. ISSN 0014-4827. PMID 8612709.
Further reading
Burdine RD, Schier AF (2000). “Conserved and divergent mechanisms in left-right axis formation.”. Genes Dev.14 (7): 763–76. PMID 10766733.
De Winter JP, De Vries CJ, Van Achterberg TA, et al. (1996). “Truncated activin type II receptors inhibit bioactivity by the formation of heteromeric complexes with activin type I. receptors.”. Exp. Cell Res.224 (2): 323–34. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.0142. PMID 8612709.
Attisano L, Wrana JL, Montalvo E, Massagué J (1996). “Activation of signalling by the activin receptor complex.”. Mol. Cell. Biol.16 (3): 1066–73. PMID 8622651.
Nishitoh H, Ichijo H, Kimura M, et al. (1996). “Identification of type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors for growth/differentiation factor-5.”. J. Biol. Chem.271 (35): 21345–52. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.5.2769. PMID 8702914.
Martens JW, de Winter JP, Timmerman MA, et al. (1997). “Inhibin interferes with activin signaling at the level of the activin receptor complex in Chinese hamster ovary cells.”. Endocrinology138 (7): 2928–36. doi:10.1210/en.138.7.2928. PMID 9202237.
Macías-Silva M, Hoodless PA, Tang SJ, et al. (1998). “Specific activation of Smad1 signaling pathways by the BMP7 type I receptor, ALK2.”. J. Biol. Chem.273 (40): 25628–36. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.40.25628. PMID 9748228.
Kosaki R, Gebbia M, Kosaki K, et al. (1999). “Left-right axis malformations associated with mutations in ACVR2B, the gene for human activin receptor type IIB.”. Am. J. Med. Genet.82 (1): 70–6. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990101)82:1<70::AID-AJMG14>3.0.CO;2-Y. PMID 9916847.
Lee S, Alexander J, Blowes R, et al. (2000). “Determination of resonance frequency of the respiratory system in respiratory distress syndrome.”. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed.80 (3): F198–202. PMID 10212081.
McPherron AC, Lawler AM, Lee SJ (1999). “Regulation of anterior/posterior patterning of the axial skeleton by growth/differentiation factor 11.”. Nat. Genet.22 (3): 260–4. doi:10.1038/10320. PMID 10391213.
Bondestam J, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Hildén K, et al. (2000). “Assignment of ACVR2 and ACVR2B the human activin receptor type II and IIB genes to chromosome bands 2q22.2?q23.3 and 3p22 and the human follistatin gene (FST) to chromosome 5q11.2 by FISH.”. Cytogenet. Cell Genet.87 (3-4): 219–20. doi:10.1159/000015429. PMID 10702675.
Chapman SC, Woodruff TK (2001). “Modulation of activin signal transduction by inhibin B and inhibin-binding protein (INhBP).”. Mol. Endocrinol.15 (4): 668–79. doi:10.1210/me.15.4.668. PMID 11266516.
Wurthner JU, Frank DB, Felici A, et al. (2001). “Transforming growth factor-beta receptor-associated protein 1 is a Smad4 chaperone.”. J. Biol. Chem.276 (22): 19495–502. doi:10.1074/jbc.M006473200. PMID 11278302.
Parks WT, Frank DB, Huff C, et al. (2001). “Sorting nexin 6, a novel SNX, interacts with the transforming growth factor-beta family of receptor serine-threonine kinases.”. J. Biol. Chem.276 (22): 19332–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M100606200. PMID 11279102.
Choi KC, Kang SK, Nathwani PS, et al. (2001). “Differential expression of activin/inhibin subunit and activin receptor mRNAs in normal and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium (OSE).”. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol.174 (1-2): 99–110. doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00447-0. PMID 11306176.
Lee SJ, McPherron AC (2001). “Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth.”. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.98 (16): 9306–11. doi:10.1073/pnas.151270098. PMID 11459935.
Matsuzaki T, Hanai S, Kishi H, et al. (2002). “Regulation of endocytosis of activin type II receptors by a novel PDZ protein through Ral/Ral-binding protein 1-dependent pathway.”. J. Biol. Chem.277 (21): 19008–18. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112472200. PMID 11882656.
Schneider-Kolsky ME, Manuelpillai U, Waldron K, et al. (2002). “The distribution of activin and activin receptors in gestational tissues across human pregnancy and during labour.”. Placenta23 (4): 294–302. doi:10.1053/plac.2002.0787. PMID 11969340.
v•d•e
PDB Gallery
1nys: Crystal Structure of Activin A Bound to the ECD of ActRIIB P41
1nyu: Crystal Structure of Activin A Bound to the ECD of ActRIIB
1s4y: Crystal structure of the activin/actrIIb extracellular domain
2h62: Crystal structure of a ternary ligand-receptor complex of BMP-2
2h64: Crystal structure of a ternary ligand-receptor complex of BMP-2
This is a list of the ten longest Texas rivers. Of the ten streams, all empty into the Gulf of Mexico. Four of the rivers are tributaries: the Pecos flows into the Rio Grande, the Red into the Mississippi River, and the Sabine and Neches flow into Sabine Lake, which is connected to the Gulf of Mexico by the Sabine Pass. The Canadian is a tributary of a tributary. It flows into the Arkansas River, which is itself a tributary of the Mississippi.
Rio Grande – 1,896 miles (3,051 km), 1,250 miles (2,010 km) of which are in Texas — although technically on the border between Texas and Mexico
Red River – 1,360 miles (2,190 km) of which 680 are in Texas
Brazos River – 1,280 miles (2,060 km) of which 840 miles (1,350 km) are in Texas, making it the longest section of river in Texas
Pecos River – 926 miles (1,490 km) most of which is in New Mexico
Colorado River – 862 miles (1,387 km) almost entirely in Texas of which 600 miles (970 km) are not dry
Canadian River – 760 miles (1,220 km) of which 200 miles (320 km) are in Texas
Trinity River – 710 miles (1,140 km) entirely in Texas
Sabine River – 555 miles (893 km) of which 360 miles (580 km) are in Texas
Neches River – 416 miles (669 km) entirely in Texas
Nueces River – 315 miles (507 km) entirely in Texas
The Trinity River is the longest river with its entire drainage basin in Texas. The Colorado is the longest river with both its source based on river name and its mouth in the state. The actual longest source of the Colorado is in New Mexico.
References
“River Basin Map of Texas” (JPEG). Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas at Austin. 1996. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/geo/pics/rivers.jpg. Retrieved 2006-07-22.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_ten_longest_Texas_rivers”
Categories: Texas-related lists | Rivers of Texas
Views
Article
Discussion
Edit this page
History
Personal tools
Try Beta
Log in / create account
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Printable version
Permanent link
Cite this page
This page was last modified on 8 February 2009 at 20:48.
1 Senior club appearances and goals
counted for the domestic league only and
correct as of 21 June 2006. 2 National team caps and goals correct
as of 21 June 2006.
* Appearances (Goals)
André Venceslau Valentim Macanga, better known as André Macanga (born 14 May 1978 in Luanda, Angola), is a part time Angolan football midfielder.
Contents
1Career
2International
3References
4External links
Career
After playing for many years in Portugal, Andre Makanga is currently based in Kuwait, playing for the local club of Al Kuwait Kaifan.
International
He is a member of the National team and was called up to the 2006 World Cup. André is known in the Angola national football team, as the “defensive lung” of the team.
References
^ Angola/Guinea: National Team Play Guinea Conakry Tuesday on www.allafrica.com
^ on www.independent.co.uk
^ Makanga: “We Have To Succeed” on www.nationscup.mtnfootball.com
External links
Profile on national-football-teams.com
v•d•e
Angola squad–2006 Africa Cup of Nations
1 João Ricardo • 2 Pereira • 3 Jamba • 4 Lebo Lebo • 5 Kali • 6 Miloy • 7 Figueiredo • 8 André • 9 Mantorras • 10 Akwá • 11 Macaba • 12 Lamá • 13 Édson • 14 Mendonça • 15 Maurito • 16 Flávio • 17 Zé Kalanga • 18 Love • 19 Titi Buengo • 20 Locó • 21 Delgado • 22 Lundala • 23 Marco Abreu • Coach: Gonçalves
v•d•e
Angola squad–2006 FIFA World Cup
1 João Ricardo • 2 Marco Airosa • 3 Jamba • 4 Lebo Lebo • 5 Kali • 6 Miloy • 7 Figueiredo • 8 André • 9 Mantorras • 10 Akwá • 11 Mateus • 12 Lamá • 13 Édson • 14 Mendonça • 15 Rui Marques • 16 Flávio • 17 Zé Kalanga • 18 Love • 19 Titi Buengo • 20 Locó • 21 Delgado • 22 Mário • 23 Marco Abreu • Coach: Gonçalves
This biographical article relating to Angolan football is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Macanga”
Categories: 1978 births | Living people | Angolan footballers | Angola international footballers | S.C. Salgueiros players | Boavista players | F.C. Porto players | Vitória SC players | FC Alverca players | Associação Académica de Coimbra players | Gaziantepspor footballers | Expatriate footballers in Turkey | Expatriate footballers in Kuwait | 2006 FIFA World Cup players | 2006 Africa Cup of Nations players | 2008 Africa Cup of Nations players | People from Luanda | Central African football biography stubs | Angolan sportspeople stubs
Richard Wahnfried (now simply “Wahnfried”), the long-time alias for German composer and musician Klaus Schulze
“Wahnfried’s Dream” (see Richard Wahnfried), a composition on the 1994 Wahnfried album Trancelation
“Wahnfried 1883″ (see Klaus Schulze), a composition on the 1975 Klaus Schulze album Timewind
Wahnfried (film), a 1986 film about Wagner.
Look up wahnfried in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
dmbox dmbox-disambig” style=”">
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahnfried_(disambiguation)”
Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages
Views
Article
Discussion
Edit this page
History
Personal tools
Try Beta
Log in / create account
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Interaction
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact Wikipedia
Donate to Wikipedia
Help
Toolbox
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Printable version
Permanent link
Cite this page
Languages
Deutsch
This page was last modified on 25 July 2009 at 19:45.
