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National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Information
Location	New York City (World Trade Center site)
Status	Under Construction
Groundbreaking	March 2006
Estimated completion	September 11, 2011
Use	Memorial
Height
Roof	Inside will be made of glass. Outside roof will be covered with water.
Companies
Structural Engineer	WSP Cantor Seinuk

In August 2006, the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey began heavy construction on the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. The Memorial will be located at the World Trade Center site, on the former location of the two destroyed towers. The World Trade Center Memorial Foundation was renamed the National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center in 2007. The winner of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was Israeli architect Michael Arad of Handel Architects, a New York and San Francisco-based firm. Arad worked with landscape architecture firm Peter Walker and Partners on the design which calls for a forest of trees with two square pools in the center, where the Twin Towers stood.

The design is consistent with the original Daniel Libeskind master plan that called for the memorial to be 30 feet below street level (originally 70 feet) in a piazza. The design was the only finalist to throw out Libeskind’s requirement that buildings overhang the footprints.

A memorial was planned in the immediate aftermath of the attacks and destruction of the World Trade Center to remember both the victims and those involved in rescue. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center is a non-profit corporation with the mission to raise funds for, program, own and operate the Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center site.

Contents 1 Winning design 2 National September 11 Memorial Museum 3 Design competition 4 National September 11 Memorial & Museum 4.1 Mission statement 4.2 Fundraising 4.3 Fundraising suspended 5 Criticism of “Reflecting Absence” 6 Construction commences 7 Withdrawn proposals 8 Gallery of renderings 8.1 Other 9/11 memorials 9 References 10 External links

Winning design

Michael Arad design board submitted in the World Trade Center Memorial Design competition

The memorial consists of a park at street level with two recessed square pools located 30 feet (9m) below street level, fed by waterfalls along the walls. At the center of the pools are recessed squares into which the water flows. The waterfalls will be the largest manmade waterfalls in the country.

The names of the victims will be inscribed on parapets surrounding the pools at street level. The design will place the names of the victims who were in Tower 1 and the victims on Flight 11, which hit Tower 1 around the North Pool. The names surrounding the South Pool will include: those killed in Tower 2, the victims who were in the immediate vicinity of the Towers, the victims on Flight 175, which hit Tower 2, the first responders, the passengers on Flight 93, which crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, the passengers on Flight 77, which hit the Pentagon; those killed at Pentagon, and the victims of the February 26, 1993 WTC bombing. Company employees and their visitors will be listed together, but without the names of their companies. Passengers of the four flights will be listed together under their flight numbers. First responders will be listed together with their units.

National September 11 Memorial Museum

The National September 11 Memorial Museum will be located 70 feet below ground. An admission fee is under consideration. The museum will feature interactive exhibits that are designed to teach visitors about the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and February 26, 1993 through firsthand accounts and artifacts. The largest asset of the museum will be the exposed slurry wall, which held back the Hudson River and remained standing after the attacks.

Design competition

Main article: World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition

In 2003, the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation launched an international competition to design a memorial at the World Trade Center site to commemorate the lives lost in the September 11, 2001 attacks, that destroyed the World Trade Center towers.

52,011 individuals and teams from the Canada and from around the world contributed design proposals.

On November 19, 2003, the thirteen-member jury – which included Maya Lin, designer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and deputy mayor Patricia Harris – selected eight finalists. “Reflecting Absence” was chosen as the winning design on January 6, 2004. On January 14, 2004, the final design for the World Trade Center site memorial was revealed in a press conference at Federal Hall in New York.

National September 11 Memorial & Museum

Main article: National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center

Formerly the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation, Inc., the National September 11 Memorial & Museum was formed as a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation to raise funds and manage the planning and construction of the memorial. Its board of directors had its inaugural meeting on January 4, 2005. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum reached its first phase capital fundraising goal of US$350 million in April 2008. This money, along with additional amounts raised, will be used to build the Memorial & Museum and to create an endowment for the museum.

Mission statement

The non-profit corporation that will manage the memorial states its goals as the following:

The Memorial Mission: Remember and honor the thousands of innocent men, women, and children murdered by terrorists in the horrific attacks of February 26, 1993 and September 11, 2001. Respect this place made sacred through tragic loss. Recognize the endurance of those who survived, the courage of those who risked their lives to save others, and the compassion of all who supported us in our darkest hours. May the lives remembered, the deeds recognized, and the spirit reawakened be eternal beacons, which reaffirm respect for life, strengthen our resolve to preserve freedom, and inspire an end to hatred, ignorance and intolerance. —National September 11 Memorial & Museum at the World Trade Center: About Us

Fundraising

The Foundation has fundraising responsibilities because of the tasks assigned to it by the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). The Foundation is to own, operate and finance:

• National September 11 Memorial, the formal “Reflecting Absence” memorial designed by Michael Arad and Peter Walker.
• National September 11 Memorial Museum, a museum to tell the story of the events.

John C. Whitehead was chairman of both LMDC and the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. He announced his resignation in May 2006. Former LMDC President Kevin Rampe will become chairman of the LMDC. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg replaced Whitehead as chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.

Fundraising suspended

Thomas S. Johnson , chairman of the foundation’s executive committee announced on May 9, 2006:

“

The decision was made to not actively pursue new fund-raising efforts until complete clarity can be achieved with respect to the design and costs of the project. Cost concerns emerged publicly last week with the disclosure of an estimate by the construction manager, Bovis Lend Lease, that the memorial and museum would cost $672 million and that it would take a total of at least $973 million to fully develop the memorial setting with a cooling plant, roadways, sidewalks, utilities and stabilized foundation walls. An estimate earlier this year put the cost of the memorial and memorial museum at $494 million.

”

On May 26, 2006, Gretchen Dykstra resigned as President and Chief Executive Officer of the World Trade Center Foundation. The current President and CEO of the Foundation, Joseph C. Daniels, was appointed in October 2006.

The memorial projects were eventually toned down, and the budget was cut to $530 million. Heavy construction for the memorial began in August 2006, and despite delays, the National September 11 Memorial & Museum is still confident that the memorial will be complete by September 11, 2011.

Criticism of “Reflecting Absence”

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While the memorial initially received good reviews, it has had its share of critics who say it will be too expensive, too complicated, or aesthetically untenable. Among the problems:

• Cost — Preliminary estimates place the cost of the memorial alone to be US$500 million, which, according to The Wall Street Journal, would place it among the most expensive memorials in history. In February 2006, Mayor Michael Bloomberg criticized the memorial, which he estimates will cost at least US$40 million a year to operate, as being too complicated and too expensive. Bloomberg is now chairman of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.
• Below-ground orientation — The memorial was originally below ground level. Some families as well as fire and police organizations wanted a memorial built above ground. The design for the Memorial was modified and the underground galleries removed, bringing the names of the victims to street level.
• Presentation of names — The representatives of the New York City Fire Department and New York City Police Department insist that the names of their officers appear apart from the civilian victims and in addition to the name, indicate service, badge, rank, and assignment. An example would be: “FF. Michael F. Lynch, Badge No. 2315, Engine 40-Ladder 35, on rotation from Engine 62-Ladder 32.” It has been decided that the names of the first responders will be listed with their units; however, their ranks will not be included in this section of the memorial.

Construction commences

On March 13, 2006, construction workers arrived at the WTC site to commence work on the Reflecting Absence design. On that same day, relatives of the victims and other concerned citizens gathered to protest the new memorial, stating that the memorial should be built above ground. The president of the memorial foundation, however, has stated that family members were consulted and formed a consensus in favor of the current design, and that work will continue as planned.

In May 2006, it was disclosed that the estimated construction costs for the Memorial had risen to over US$1 billion.

“Mayor Michael Bloomberg said the costs of building the Sept. 11 memorial are skyrocketing and must be capped at $500 million. ‘There’s just not an unlimited amount of money that we can spend on a memorial,’ Bloomberg said. Any figure higher than $500 million to build the memorial to the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks would be “inappropriate”, even if the design has to be changed, he said.’ “

At $1 billion, it would approach the cost of the World Trade Center for which construction was completed in 1970 in nominal dollar terms. In 2006, at the request of Governor George Pataki and Mayor Michael Bloomberg, builder Frank Sciame performed a month-long analysis, which considered input from victims’ families, the Lower Manhattan business and residential communities, members of the memorial jury, architects and others. The analysis recommended design changes that kept the memorial and museum within the $500 million budget.

In July 2008, the Survivors’ Staircase was lowered to bedrock, marking the first artifact to be moved into the museum. By the end of August 2008, construction on the footings and foundations had been completed. On September 2, 2008, construction workers erected the 7,700-pound first column for the memorial, near the footprint of the north tower. By then, approximately 70 percent of the construction trade contracts had been bid or were ready to award. All told, 9,100 tons of steel will be installed at the site for the memorial.

Withdrawn proposals

Two centers were proposed and withdrawn from the World Trade Center Memorial plan in 2005:

• The International Freedom Center – a “think tank” which was intended to draw attention to the battles for freedom through the ages. World Trade Center Memorial Foundation member Deborah Burlingame wrote in The Wall Street Journal that the center would have a mission that had nothing to do directly with the events of September 11 and could potentially criticize American policies. Blogs and commentators heavily criticized the center until Governor George Pataki withdrew support for it.
• The Drawing Center Art Gallery at the World Trade Center – Plans called for the Freedom Center to share its space with the Drawing Center in a building called the “Cultural Center.” The New York Daily News ran a series of articles questioning whether its exhibits would be appropriate at Ground Zero based on the gallery’s previous exhibits in its small Soho quarters.

Gallery of renderings

World Trade Center memorial plaza

World Trade Center below-grade museum - Early concept

Other 9/11 memorials

• Flight 93 National Memorial, Shanksville, Pennsylvania (proposed)
• Pentagon Memorial
• Tribute in Light, WTC site (temporary/periodic performance)
• 9/11 Memorial (Arizona)
• Tear of Grief
• Garden of Remembrance , Boston, Massachusetts

References

1. ^ Trade Center Memorial Name Changes, Gets Longer | The New York Observer
2. ^ The politics of remembering Ground Zero - Haaretz - Israel News
3. ^ National September 11 Museum & Memorial- Build the Memorial
4. ^ ^{a b} The Arrangement of Victims’ Names at the Memorial
5. ^ New York City News - Crime - Politics - National & World News - NY Daily News
6. ^ Dunlap, David W. (May 9, 2006). “9/11 Group Suspends Fund-Raising for Memorial”, New York Times. 
7. ^ “Gretchen Dykstra Resigns As Head Of WTC Memorial Foundation”, NY1 News (May 26, 2006). 
8. ^ “WTC Memorial Foundation Names Joseph C. Daniels as President & CEO of the Foundation” (October 31, 2006). 
9. ^ “9/11 memorial plans scaled down”, BBC (21 June 2006). 
10. ^ “Sept. 11 memorial head wants to open by 9/11/11″ (July 1, 2008, 2006). 
11. ^ Frangos, Alex. The cost of the Memorial and Museum is estimated to be $530 million. “An Expensive Memorial Mess On World Trade Center Project”, The Wall Street Journal. May 09, 2006. Retrieved June 22, 2008.
12. ^ David W. Dunlap (April 2, 2006). “Alphabetical, Random or Otherwise, Names Are a Ground Zero Puzzle”, New York Times. Retrieved on 25 July 2008. 
13. ^ Perez, Luis (March 14, 2006). “WTC memorial construction underway”, Newsday. 
14. ^ Laura Trevelyan. “Work commences on 9/11 memorial”, BBC. 
15. ^ Amy Westfeldt (May 6, 2006). “Sept. 11 Memorial Cost Estimate Rises”, Guardian (UK). 
16. ^ ^{a b} http://www.panynj.gov/AboutthePortAuthority/PressCenter/PressReleases/PressRelease/index.php?id=1117
17. ^ Associated Press (17 August 2008). “Steel column for 9/11 memorial rises at Ground Zero”, Newsday (Melville, New York), Newsday Inc.. 
18. ^ Debra Burlingame (June 8, 2005). “The Great Ground Zero Heist”, Wall Street Journal. 

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Honolulu Sharks Founded in 1993 Honolulu, Hawaii

Team Logo Cap Insignia

League affiliations

Hawaii Winter Baseball (1993-present)

Name

Honolulu Sharks (1993-present)

Other nicknames

Team Colors

Purple, Black, Grey, White

Ballpark

Les Murakami Baseball Stadium

Championships

League titles: 1 (1997) Division titles: 3 (1995, 1996, 1997)

Owner(s)/Operated By:

General Manager:

Manager: Chris Freas

Media: ‘

Website: Official website

The Honolulu Sharks are a minor league baseball team in the Hawaii Winter Baseball league. They are based in Honolulu, Hawaii. The Sharks name comes from the large number of shark species native to the waters of Hawaii. They play their home games at the Les Murakami Baseball Stadium.

Team Record

Season	W	L	Win %	Result
1993	29	25	.537
1994	21	28	.429
1995	29	23	.558	division champs
1996	36	16	.692	division champs
1997	27	27	.500	league champs
2006	16	21	.432

summer mint

Virginia state highways
edit Primary - Secondary - History Renumberings: 1928 - 1933 - 1940

In the U.S. state of Virginia, the Virginia Department of Transportation maintains a number of driveways for state institutions, such as colleges, correctional facilities, and state police headquarters, that meet state standards, as primary highways. They are assigned standard primary route numbers between 1 and 599, predominantly in the 300’s.

Contents 1 Colleges 2 Parks 3 Hospitals, learning centers, and correctional facilities 4 State police headquarters 5 Other facilities 6 References

Colleges

• Blue Ridge Community College: State Route 363
• Central Virginia Community College: State Route 368
• Clinch Valley College: State Route 382
• College of William and Mary: State Route 321
  • Taken over in the mid-1930s
• Dabney S. Lancaster Community College: State Route 384
• Danville Community College: State Route 398
• Eastern Shore Community College, Melfa Campus: State Route 389
• George Mason University: State Route 383
• Germanna Community College: State Route 375
• J. Sargeant Reynolds Community College, Western Campus: State Route 396
• James Madison University: State Route 331
  • Taken over in 1932
• John Tyler Community College: State Route 366
• Longwood University: State Route 328
  • Taken over in 1958
• Lord Fairfax Community College: State Route 355, State Route 377
• Mary Washington College: former State Route 330
  • Taken over in 1932, removed in 1980
• Mountain Empire Community College: State Route 387
• New River Community College: State Route 373
• Northern Virginia Community College, Annandale Campus: State Route 376
• Northern Virginia Community College, Loudoun Campus: State Route 391
• Northern Virginia Community College, Manassas Campus: State Route 393
• Northern Virginia Community College, Woodbridge Campus: State Route 394
• Patrick Henry Community College: State Route 371
• Paul D. Camp Community College: State Route 379
• Piedmont Virginia Community College: State Route 388
• Rappahannock Community College, South Campus: State Route 374
• Richard Bland College: State Route 345
• Southside Virginia Community College, Christiana Campus: State Route 378
• Southside Virginia Community College, John H. Daniel Campus: State Route 385
• Southwest Virginia Community College: State Route 369
• Tidewater Community College, Portsmouth Campus: State Route 367
• Tidewater Community College, Virginia Beach Campus: State Route 350

A sign for SR 353

• Virginia Commonwealth University Medical College Campus: State Route 353
• University of Virginia: State Route 302
  • Taken over in 1932
• University of Virginia, Eastern Shore Branch: former State Route 361
  • Taken over in 1966, removed in 1980
• Virginia Highlands Community College: State Route 372
• Virginia Military Institute: State Route 303
  • Taken over in 1932
• Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University: State Route 314
  • Taken over in 1932
• Virginia State University: State Route 327
  • Taken over in 1932
• Wytheville Community College: state Route 365

Parks

• Fairy Stone State Park: State Route 346
• Jamestown Festival Park: State Route 359
  • Taken over in 1959
• First Landing State Park: State Route 343
• Grayson Highlands State Park: State Route 362
• Hungry Mother State Park: State Route 348
• Natural Tunnel State Park: State Route 370
• New Market Battlefield State Historical Park: State Route 305
  • Taken over in 1968
• Occoneechee State Park: State Route 364
• R. E. Lee Memorial Park and Virginia Museum of Fine Arts: State Route 315
  • Taken over in 1946
• Staunton River State Park: State Route 344
• Westmoreland State Park: State Route 347

Hospitals, learning centers, and correctional facilities

• Barrett Learning Center: State Route 325
  • Taken over in 1932
• Beaumont Learning Center: State Route 313
  • Taken over in 1932
• Blue Ridge Sanatorium: former State Route 317
  • Taken over in 1932, removed in 2002
• Bon Air Learning Center: State Route 324
  • Taken over in 1932
• Catawba Hospital: State Route 320
  • Taken over in 1932
• Central State Hospital: State Route 319
  • Taken over in 1932
• Eastern State Hospital: State Route 322
  • Taken over in 1932
• Greensville Correctional Center: State Route 397
• Hanover Learning Center: State Route 326
  • Taken over in 1932
• James River Correctional Center: State Route 310
  • Taken over in 1991
• Keen Mountain Correctional Center: State Route 330
• Lynchburg Training School and Hospital: State Route 334
  • Taken over in 1932
• Mecklenburg Correctional Center: State Route 386
• Piedmont Geriatric Hospital: State Route 323
  • Taken over in 1932
• Red Onion State Prison: State Route 361
• Southampton Correctional Center: State Route 308
• Southside Virginia Training Center: State Route 357
• Southwestern State Hospital: State Route 217
• Southwestern Virginia Training Center: State Route 392
• Staunton Correctional Center: State Route 333
  • Taken over in 1932
• Tidewater Research and Continuing Education Center: State Route 390
• Virginia Correctional Center for Women: State Route 329
  • Taken over in 1932
• Virginia School for Colored Deaf and Blind Children: former State Route 328
  • Taken over in 1932
• Virginia School for the Deaf and Blind: former State Route 310
  • Taken over in 1932
• Woodrow Wilson Rehabilitation Center: State Route 358
  • taken over in 1949

State police headquarters

• State Police and Radio Station, Appomattox County: State Route 341
• State Police and Radio Headquarters, Chesterfield County: State Route 339
  • Taken over in 1939
• State Police and Radio Station, Culpeper County: State Route 342
• State Police Headquarters, Wythe County: State Route 336
  • Taken over in 1960

Other facilities

• Capitol Square: State Route 318
  • Taken over in 1932
• Eastern Shore Experimental Station: State Route 335
• Elko Tract: State Route 380
• Hampton Roads Agricultural Experimental Station: State Route 332
  • Taken over in 1932
• Science Museum of Virginia: State Route 399

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Arsenic poisoning Classification and external resources
ICD-10	T57.0
ICD-9	985.1
eMedicine	emerg/42
MeSH	D020261

Part of a series on
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Elements Toxic metal (Lead · Mercury · Cadmium · Antimony · Arsenic · Beryllium · Iron · Thallium) · Fluoride · Oxygen Seafood Shellfish (Paralytic · Diarrheal Amnesic) · Ciguatera · Scombroid Tetrodotoxin Other substances Pesticide · Organophosphate · Food Nicotine · Theobromine · Carbon monoxide · Vitamin · Medicines Living organisms Mushrooms · Plants · Venomous animals
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Arsenic poisoning kills by allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzymes, leading to death from multi-system organ failure. It primarily inhibits enzymes that require lipoic acid as a cofactor, such as pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. Because of this, substrates before the dehydrogenase steps accumulate, such as pyruvate (and lactate). It particularly affects the brain, causing neurological disturbances and death.

Contents 1 Symptoms 2 Treatment and testing 3 Potency 4 Unintentional poisoning 4.1 Arsenicosis: chronic arsenic poisoning from drinking water 5 Intentional poisoning 6 Famous victims (known and alleged) 6.1 Francesco I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 6.2 George III of Great Britain 6.3 Napoleon Bonaparte 6.4 Charles Francis Hall 6.5 Huo Yuan Jia 6.6 Clare Boothe Luce 6.7 Impressionist painters 6.8 Phar Lap 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links

Symptoms

Symptoms include violent stomach pains in the region of the bowels; tenderness and pressure; retching; excessive saliva production; vomiting; sense of dryness and tightness in the throat; thirst; hoarseness and difficulty of speech; the matter vomited, greenish or yellowish, sometimes streaked with blood; diarrhea; tenesmus; sometimes excoriation of the anus; urinary organs occasionally affected with violent burning pains and suppression; convulsions and cramps; clammy sweats; lividity of the extremities; countenance collapsed; eyes red and sparkling; delirium; death. Some of these symptoms may be absent where the poisoning results from inhalation, as of arseniuretted hydrogen.

Symptoms of arsenic poisoning start with mild headaches and can progress to lightheadedness and usually, if untreated, will result in death.

Arsenic poisoning can lead to a variety of problems, from skin cancer to keratoses of the feet.

Treatment and testing

It is extremely important to seek medical advice immediately if arsenic poisoning is suspected. One way to test for arsenic poisoning is by checking hair follicles. If arsenic is in the bloodstream, it will enter hair and remain there for many years.

Chemical and synthetic methods are now used to treat arsenic poisoning. Dimercaprol and Succimer are chelating agents which sequester the arsenic away from blood proteins and are used in treating acute arsenic poisoning. The most important side-effect is hypertension. Dimercaprol is considerably more toxic than succimer.

In the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology, Keya Chaudhuri of the Indian Institute of Chemical Biology in Kolkata, and her colleagues reported giving rats daily doses of arsenic in their water, in levels equivalent to those found in groundwater in Bangladesh and West Bengal. Those rats which were also fed garlic extracts had 40 percent less arsenic in their blood and liver, and passed 45 per cent more arsenic in their urine. The conclusion is that sulfur-containing substances in garlic scavenge arsenic from tissues and blood. The presentation concludes that people in areas at risk of arsenic contamination in the water supply should eat one to three cloves of garlic per day as a preventative. Journal of Food and Chemical Toxicology, DOI see: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.108

Potency

The LD₅₀ for pure arsenic is 763 mg/kg (by ingestion) and 13 mg/kg (by intraperitoneal injection). For a 70 kg (~155 lb) human, this works out to about 53 grams (less than 2 ounces). However, compounds containing arsenic can be significantly more toxic.

Nearly all reported arsenic poisonings were not caused by pure arsenic, but by arsenic-oxygen compounds, especially arsenic trioxide, which is approximately 500 times more toxic than pure arsenic, and by arsine.

Unintentional poisoning

In addition to its use as a poison, arsenic was used medicinally for centuries and was used extensively to treat syphilis before penicillin was introduced. Arsenic was replaced as a therapeutic agent by sulfa drugs and then by antibiotics. Arsenic was also an ingredient in many tonics (or “patent medicines”). In addition, during the Victorian era, some women used a mixture of vinegar, chalk, and arsenic applied topically to whiten their skin. The use of arsenic was intended to prevent aging and creasing of the skin, but some arsenic was inevitably absorbed into the blood stream.

Some pigments, most notably the popular Emerald Green (known also under several other names), were based on arsenic compounds. Overexposure to these pigments was a frequent cause of accidental poisoning of artists and craftsmen.

Arsenicosis: chronic arsenic poisoning from drinking water

Chronic arsenic poisoning results from drinking water with high levels of arsenic over a long period of time. This may occur due to arsenic contamination of groundwater.

Effects include changes in skin color, formation of hard patches on the skin, skin cancer, lung cancer, cancer of the kidney and bladder, and can lead to gangrene. The World Health Organization recommends a limit of 0.01 mg/L (10ppb) of arsenic in drinking water. This recommendation was established based on the limit of detection of available testing equipment at the time of publication of the WHO water quality guidelines. More recent findings show that consumption of water with levels as low as 0.00017mg/L (0.17ppb) over long periods of time can lead to arsenicosis.

Non-carcinogenic chronic effects include liver injury—jaundice and cirrhosis;—peripheral vascular disease involving blueness of the extremities; Raynaud’s syndrome; blackfoot disease (a type of gangrene); anemia, resulting from impaired heme biosynthesis; and hyperkeratosis of the skin.

There are also multiple lines of evidence for the carcinogenic effects of arsenic.

Arsenic has been known to cause many problems in Third World countries where groundwater supplies have been contaminated by arsenic derived from geologically recent fluvial deposits containing arseno-pyrites. This is a particular problem in Bangladesh where tube wells installed since the 1970s have intercepted ground waters flowing in the fluvial deposits. Concentrations in these wells can exceed 1 part per thousand whereas the WHO maximum level is 10 parts per billion. See Arsenic contamination of groundwater.

Roger Smith, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Emeritus, Dartmouth Medical School , , has confirmed that natural arsenic contamination of drinking water has also been a problem in wells in New Hampshire. Chronic low-level arsenic poisoning, or arsenicosis, as is seen in Bangladesh, can potentially cause cancer.

Intentional poisoning

In the 8th century A.D, an Arab alchemist named Jabir became the first to prepare arsenic trioxide, a white, tasteless, odorless powder. Jabir’s preparation seemed the ideal poison as it left no traceable (at the time) elements in the body.

Arsenic became a favorite murder weapon of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, particularly among ruling classes in Italy, notably the Borgias. Because the symptoms are similar to those of cholera, which was common at the time, arsenic poisoning often went undetected. By the 19th C., it had acquired the nickname “inheritance powder,” perhaps because impatient heirs were known or suspected to use it to ensure or accelerate their inheritances. Elizabeth Báthory is also suspected of having used arsenic to poison male lovers so that they could never leave her, probably as a result of her first husband having an affair.

In ancient Korea, and particularly in Joseon Dynasty, arsenic-sulfur compounds have been used as a major ingredient of sayak (??; ??), which was a poison cocktail used in capital punishment of high-profile political figures and members of the royal family.  Due to social and political prominence of the condemned, many of these events were well-documented, often in the Annals of Joseon Dynasty; they are sometimes portrayed in historical television miniseries because of their dramatic nature.

On April 27, 2003, sixteen members of the Gustaf Adolph Lutheran Church in New Sweden, Maine, became ill following the church coffee hour; one died a short time later. Investigation revealed that the coffee had been heavily laced with arsenic. As of the 2005 publication of Christine Ellen Young’s A Bitter Brew, no one had been formally charged with the crime. However, the Discovery Health channel (date?) reported that Daniel Bondeson, who was found with bullet wounds to his chest at a farm, wrote a note saying that he was responsible for the poisoning. He succumbed to the injuries while undergoing surgery.

Murder mystery stories often feature arsenic poisoning, although they commonly omit the more disagreeable symptoms.

Famous victims (known and alleged)

Arsenic poisoning, accidental or deliberate, has been implicated in the illness and death of a number of prominent people throughout history.

Francesco I de’ Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Recent forensic evidence uncovered by Italian scientists suggests that Francesco and his wife were poisoned possibly by his brother and successor Fernando.

George III of Great Britain

George III’s (1738 – 1820) personal health was a concern throughout his long reign. He suffered from periodic episodes of physical and mental illness, five of them disabling enough to require the King to withdraw from his duties. In 1969, researchers asserted that the episodes of madness and other physical symptoms were characteristic of the disease porphyria, which was also identified in members of his immediate and extended family. In addition, a 2004 study of samples of the King’s hair revealed extremely high levels of arsenic, which is a possible trigger of disease symptoms. A 2005 article in the medical journal The Lancet suggested the source of the arsenic could be the antimony used as a consistent element of the King’s medical treatment. The two minerals are often found in the same ground, and mineral extraction at the time was not precise enough to eliminate arsenic from compounds containing antimony.

Napoleon Bonaparte

There is a theory that Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 – 1821) suffered and died from arsenic poisoning during his imprisonment on the island of Saint Helena. Forensic samples of his hair did show high levels, 13 times the normal amount, of the element. This, however, does not prove deliberate poisoning by Napoleon’s enemies: copper arsenite has been used as a pigment in some wallpapers, and microbiological liberation of the arsenic into the immediate environment would be possible. The case is equivocal in the absence of clearly authenticated samples of the wallpaper. As Napoleon’s body lay for nearly 20 years in a grave on the island, before being moved to its present resting place in Paris, arsenic from the soil could also have polluted the sample. Even without contaminated wallpaper or soil, commercial use of arsenic at the time provided many other routes by which Napoleon could have consumed enough arsenic to leave this forensic trace.

Charles Francis Hall

American explorer Charles Francis Hall (1821-1871) died unexpectedly during his third Arctic expedition aboard the ship Polaris. After returning to the ship from a sledging expedition Hall drank a cup of coffee and fell violently ill. He collapsed in what was described as a fit. He suffered from vomiting and delirium for the next week, then seemed to improve for a few days. He accused several of the ship’s company, including ship’s physician Dr. Emil Bessels with whom he had longstanding disagreements, of having poisoned him. Shortly thereafter, Hall again began suffering the same symptoms, died, and was taken ashore for burial. Following the expedition’s return a US Navy investigation ruled that Hall had died from apoplexy.

In 1968, however, Hall’s biographer Chauncey C. Loomis, a professor at Dartmouth College, traveled to Greenland to exhume Hall’s body. Due to the permafrost, Hall’s body, flag shroud, clothing and coffin were remarkably well preserved. Tissue samples of bone, fingernails and hair showed that Hall died of poisoning from large doses of arsenic in the last two weeks of his life, consistent with the symptoms party members reported. It is possible that Hall dosed himself with quack medicines which included the poison, but it is more likely that he was murdered by Dr. Bessels or one of the other members of the expedition.

Huo Yuan Jia

Huo Yuan Jia made his name as a Chinese martial artist. There was rumour that he was poisoned in 1910 during his fight with the Japanese, who accused China and the Chinese of being the “sick man of Asia”. His death was not due to the fight but of his chronic illness.

Clare Boothe Luce

A later case of arsenic poisoning is that of Clare Boothe Luce, (1903 – 1987) the American ambassador to Italy 1953-1956. Although she did not die from her poisoning, she suffered an increasing variety of physical and psychological symptoms until arsenic poisoning was diagnosed, and its source traced to the old, arsenic-laden flaking paint on the ceiling of her bedroom. Another source (see below) explains her poisoning as resulting from eating food contaminated by flaking of the ceiling of the embassy dining room.

Impressionist painters

Emerald Green, a pigment frequently used by Impressionist painters, is based on arsenic. Cezanne developed severe diabetes, which is a symptom of chronic arsenic poisoning. Monet’s blindness and Van Gogh’s neurological disorders could have been partially due to their use of Emerald Green. Poisoning by other commonly used substances, including liquor and absinthe, lead pigments, mercury-based Vermilion, and solvents such as turpentine, could also be a factor in these cases.

Phar Lap

75 years after his death in 1932, forensic scientists determined the famous and largely successful Australian racehorse Phar Lap died after ingesting a massive dose of arsenic.

See also

• 2007 Peruvian meteorite event - a meteorite impact that is believed to have caused arsenic poisoning.
• James Marsh was a chemist, who invented the Marsh test for detecting arsenic.
• Arsine is a compound of Arsenic that is highly toxic and dangerously flammable.

Footnotes

1. ^ Dimercaprol Drug Information, Professional
2. ^ http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_tea.html?id=c373e90097f810dd8f6a17245d830100
3. ^ WHO Water-related diseases
4. ^ ??? ‘??’ ??
5. ^ ???, ‘?? ?’ ???? ???? ?? ?? ??
6. ^ “The mysterious death of Francesco I de’ Medici and Bianca Cappello: an arsenic murder? — Mari et al. 333 (7582): 1299 — BMJ”. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7582/1299. Retrieved on 2007-08-04. 
7. ^ BBC NEWS | Health | King George III: Mad or misunderstood?
8. ^ Madness of King George Linked to Arsenic - AOL News
9. ^ Phar Lap died of arsenic poisoning - Horse Racing - Yahoo! Sports

References

• Harvey, Richard A. “Biochemistry, 3rd Edition.” Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews, 2005.
• Kind, Stuart and Overman, Michael. “Science Against Crime“. Doubleday and Company, Inc., New York, 1972. ISBN 0-385-09249-0.
• Saha KC (2003). “Diagnosis of arsenicosis”. Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering 38 (1): 255–72. PMID 12635831. 
• Powell, Michael “101 People You Won’t Meet In Heaven” First Lyons Press edition 2007 ISBN 978-1-59921-105-3

bultaco frontera parts

Xin Maojiang (???) (d. January 3, 660), was an official and general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor for about a year during the reign of Emperor Gaozong.

Background

Despite Xin Maojiang’s high status, little is firmly established about his background or career except for the years that he served as chancellor — as, unusual for a chancellor, he did not have a biography in either the Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang. (The table of chancellors family trees in the New Book of Tang gave his grandfather’s name as Xin Zheng (??) and father’s name as Xin Zhao (??), but did not give any office titles for them, implicitly indicating that they were not governmental officials. Little is known about Xin Maojiang’s career prior to his becoming chancellor in 658.

Service under Emperor Gaozong

As of 658, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong, Xin Maojiang was serving as the chief judge of the supreme court, when he was made Shizhong (??) — the head of the examination bureau of government and a post considered one for a chancellor. In summer 659, he and fellow chancellor Xu Jingzong were put in charge of an investigation of an alleged treason plot by the low level officials Wei Jifang (???) and Li Chao (??), although it was Xu, an ally of Emperor Gaozong’s powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), who spearheaded the investigation who ultimately convinced Emperor Gaozong that his uncle and chancellor Zhangsun Wuji, who had implicitly disapproved of Empress Wu’s ascension (replacing Emperor Gaozong’s first wife Empress Wang) in 655 by refusing to concur in the decision, was part of the plot. As a result of further investigations ordered by Emperor Gaozong (which not only Xin and Xu, but also Li Ji, Ren Yaxiang, and Lu Chengqing were involved in), Zhangsun was first exiled and then forced to commit suicide. Xin himself died around new year 660, and if he was given a posthumous name or noble title, neither is recorded in history.

rage 16 chrome rims

Richard Williamson (born on April 13, 1941 in Fort Deposit, Alabama) is the current wide receivers coach for the Carolina Panthers and is the only coach to be with the team since the team was founded in 1995.

Williamson and his wife, Norma, have two grown children, a son, Rich, and a daughter, Caroline. The Williamsons live in Charlotte, North Carolina.

For most of the 2000 season and throughout their 1-15 season in 2001, he served as offensive coordinator.

College career

Williamson was a wide receiver under legendary Alabama coach Bear Bryant for the 1961 and 1962 seasons. He caught Joe Namath’s first touchdown pass at Alabama. Williamson would move over to the coaching staff from 1963-1967, helping the Tide win National Championships for the 1964 and 1965 seasons.

After a two year coaching stay at the University of Arkansas, Williamson returned to Alabama for 1970-1971 before leaving for Arkansas again (from 1972 to 1974). Williamson then left for Memphis State University, this time becoming head coach (1975-1980). Williamson’s teams finished 7-4 (1975, 1976), 6-5 (1977), 4-7 (1978), 5-6 (1979), and 2-9 (1980). Williamson was honored with the Southern Independent Conference Coach of the Year award twice.

Overweight Permits

Madeleine Albright
64th United States Secretary of State
In office January 23, 1997 – January 20, 2001
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	Warren Christopher
Succeeded by	Colin Powell
20th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office January 27, 1993 – January 21, 1997
President	Bill Clinton
Preceded by	Edward J. Perkins
Succeeded by	Bill Richardson
Born	May 15, 1937 (1937-05-15) (age 71) Prague, Czechoslovakia
Nationality	Czech / Jewish
Political party	Democratic
Spouse	Joseph Medill Patterson Albright (1959-1982) (divorced)
Children	3 daughters - twins Anne and Alice, and Katherine (Katie)
Alma mater	Wellesley College, Johns Hopkins University, Columbia University
Profession	Diplomat
Religion	Episcopalian

Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996 and was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate 99-0. She was sworn in on January 23, 1997. She is currently a professor at Georgetown University.

Contents 1 Personal information 1.1 Books 2 Academic and public career 3 United States Ambassador to the United Nations 4 Secretary of State 5 Post-2001 career 6 Controversies 6.1 Stolen art 6.2 Radovan Karadži? 7 References 8 External links

Personal information

Marie Jana Korbelová was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic) and raised as a Roman Catholic by her parents, Josef Korbel and Anna Spiegelova, who had converted from Judaism in order to escape persecution. She has a brother, John, who later became an economist, and a sister, Katherine. “Madeleine” was the French version of “Madlenka”, a nickname given by her grandmother. Albright adopted the new name when she attended a Swiss boarding school. Albright is the daughter of a diplomat—her father had served in the Czech diplomatic service. Her brother said, “Madeleine had a special relationship with our father, partly because she followed so closely in his footsteps.” Later in life, she joined the Episcopal Church in the USA.

From 1936 to 1939 the Korbel Family lived in Belgrade, and were given refuge and protection by Serbs. Many of her Jewish relatives in Czechoslovakia were killed in the Holocaust, including three of her grandparents.

She and her parents fled again when the Communists assumed power over Czechoslovakia, moving to the United States in 1948. Once settled there, Josef became the founding dean of the Graduate School of International Studies at the University of Denver. Korbel later taught future Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. In Madam Secretary, Albright wrote of how her mother told her that Rice was her father’s favorite student. At Josef’s funeral, Rice gave the family a planter shaped like a piano in memory of Korbel; it was Korbel that convinced Rice to switch from her music major to majoring in international studies.

Albright attended school in Switzerland and in Denver at Kent Denver School, and later majored in political science on a scholarship at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. She became a US citizen in 1957. After Wellesley graduation in May 1959, she married Chicago newspaper journalist Joseph Medill Patterson Albright on June 11, 1959, whom she had met working a summer job with the Denver Post.

They had three daughters, twins Anne and Alice, and Katie:

• Alice Patterson Albright (born June 17, 1961 in Garden City, New York) who was married on October 31, 1987 in Washington, D. C. to Gregory Bigelow Bowes
• Anne Korbel Albright (born June 17, 1961 in Garden City, New York) who was married on November 24, 1990 in Washington D. C., to Geoffrey Roland Watson
• Katherine Medill Albright (born 1964)

When the twins were born six weeks prematurely, Albright took a course in Russian as a distraction. By the end of their hospital stay, she was fluent in the language. While raising her family, she earned a PhD in Public Law and Government from Columbia University. The couple divorced in 1982.

Albright is multilingual, being fluent in English, French, and Czech in addition to Russian, with good speaking and reading abilities in Polish and Serbo-Croatian. She claims to be able to leg press in excess of 400 pounds

Books

After her retirement, Albright published her memoir, Madam Secretary (2003), The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs (2006) and Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America’s Reputation and Leadership (2008).

Academic and public career

Madeleine Albright graduated from the Kent Denver School in 1955. Awarded a BA from Wellesley College with honors in Political Science, she studied at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University, received a Certificate from the Russian Institute at Columbia University, and her Master’s and Doctorate from Columbia University’s Department of Public Law and Government. She was also awarded Honorary Doctors of Laws from the University of Washington in 2002, University of Winnipeg in 2005, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2007 and Knox College in 2008 .

From 1976 to 1978, she served as Chief Legislative Assistant to US Senator Edmund Muskie. From 1978 to 1981, as both a staff member of the White House and the National Security Council, Albright was an important Carter administration official responsible for the formulation of foreign policy legislation.

From 1981 to 1982, Secretary Albright was awarded a fellowship at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution following an international competition in which she wrote about the role of the press in political changes in Poland during the early 1980s.

From 1981 to 1982, she also served as a Senior Fellow in Soviet and Eastern European Affairs at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, conducting research in developments and trends in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

In 1981, she co-founded the Center for National Policy. She also served as President of the organization.

In 1982, Albright was appointed Research Professor of International Affairs and Director of Women in Foreign Service Program at Georgetown University’s School of Foreign Service. She taught undergraduate and graduate courses in international affairs, US foreign policy, Russian foreign policy, and Central and Eastern European politics, and was responsible for developing and implementing programs designed to enhance women’s professional opportunities in international affairs. She was voted “best teacher” four times. Before becoming Secretary of State, Albright served as US Ambassador to the United Nations during President Clinton’s first term. Today, Secretary Albright is once again a professor at Georgetown.

United States Ambassador to the United Nations

Albright gained recognition as a foreign policy adviser to vice-presidential nominee Geraldine Ferraro in 1984 and to presidential candidate Michael Dukakis in 1988. Although both were defeated, she emerged as a key adviser to Democrats on foreign policy. Albright was appointed ambassador to the UN, her first diplomatic post, shortly after Clinton was inaugurated, presenting her credentials on February 9, 1993. During her tenure at the UN, she had a rocky relationship with the United Nations Secretary-General, Boutros Boutros-Ghali. She did not take action against the genocide in Rwanda. Albright later remarked in PBS documentary Ghosts of Rwanda that “it was a very, very difficult time, and the situation was unclear. You know, in retrospect, it all looks very clear. But when you were at the time, it was unclear about what was happening in Rwanda.”

In 1994, in her role as the United States’ UN permanent representative she led efforts to deny declaring the massacres in Rwanda genocide . The State Department instructed the White House press secretary to avoid using the words “genocide” and to substitute the terms “acts of genocide”. She also led resistance to a new mandate to a new UN mission towards “ensuring” stability and security in the provinces of Rwanda .

She was also criticized for defending the sanctions of Iraq under Saddam Hussein in a 1996 interview with Lesley Stahl on CBS’s 60 Minutes. When asked by Stahl with regards to effect of sanctions against Iraq: “We have heard that half a million children have died. I mean, that’s more children than died in Hiroshima. And, you know, is the price worth it?” Albright replied: “I think this is a very hard choice, but the price — we think the price is worth it.” She expressed regret for this remark in her 2003 autobiography, where she wrote,

I must have been crazy; I should have answered the question by reframing it and pointing out the inherent flaws in the premise behind it. As soon as I had spoken, I wished for the power to freeze time and take back those words. My reply had been a terrible mistake, hasty, clumsy, and wrong. I had fallen into a trap and said something that I simply did not mean. That is no one’s fault but my own.

This “trap” has been identified as a loaded question. Her failure to “refram and point out inherent flaws” has been called “the non-denial heard ’round the world” because “by not challenging the statistic, Albright inadvertently lent credence to it.” When asked about her response in 2005, Albright said “I never should have made it, it was stupid,” and that she still supported the concept of tailored sanctions.

Both Bill Clinton and Madeleine Albright insisted that an attack on Hussein could only be stopped if Hussein reversed his decision to halt arms inspections. “Iraq has a simple choice. Reverse course or face the consequences,” Albright said.

The lawyers of Mohamed Rashed Daoud Al-Owhali, convicted in the 1998 bombing of the US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya, used Albright’s 60 Minutes comment in an attempt to save the terrorist from the death penalty.

Also in 1996, after Cuban military pilots shot down two small civilian aircraft flown by the Cuban-American exile group Brothers to the Rescue over international waters, she announced, “This is not cojones. This is cowardice.” The line reportedly endeared her to President Clinton. Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s spokesperson Sylvana Foa said of Albright, “She’s no shrinking violet. She can be biting.”

Secretary of State

When Madeleine Albright was confirmed as the 64th Secretary of State of the United States, she became the first female United States Secretary of State and the highest-ranking woman in the history of the United States government. Not being a natural born citizen of the United States, she was not eligible as Presidential Successor and was excluded from nuclear contingency plans. As Secretary, Dr. Albright reinforced America’s alliances, advocated democracy and human rights, and promoted American trade and business, labor and environmental standards abroad.

During her tenure, Albright considerably influenced American policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Middle East. She incurred the wrath of a number of Serbs in the former Yugoslavia for her alleged personal anti-Serb position and her role in participating in the formulation of US policy during the Kosovo War and Bosnian war as well as the rest of the Balkans. But, together with President Bill Clinton, she remains a largely popular figure in the rest of the region, especially Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Croatia. According to Albright’s memoirs, she once argued with Colin Powell for the use of military force by asking, “What’s the point of you saving this superb military for, Colin, if we can’t use it?”

As Secretary of State she represented the United States at the Handover of Hong Kong on July 1, 1997. She boycotted the swearing-in ceremony of the China-appointed Legislative Council, which replaced the elected one, along with the British contingents.

According to several accounts, the American ambassador to Kenya, Prudence Bushnell, repeatedly asked Washington for additional security at the embassy in Nairobi, including in an April 1998 letter directly to Albright. Bushnell was ignored. In “Against All Enemies,” Richard Clarke writes about an exchange with Albright several months after the US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania were bombed in August 1998. “What do you think will happen if you lose another embassy?” Clarke asked. “The Republicans in Congress will go after you.” “First of all, I didn’t lose these two embassies,” Albright shot back. “I inherited them in the shape they were.” Albright was booed in 1998 when the brief war threat with Iraq revealed that citizens were opposed to such an invasion, although this is often overlooked.

In 1998, at the 50th anniversary NATO summit, Albright articulated what would become known as the “three Ds” of NATO, “which is no diminution of NATO, no discrimination and no duplication—because I think that we don’t need any of those three “Ds” to happen.”

In 2000, Secretary Albright became one of the highest level Western diplomats ever to meet Kim Jong-il, the communist leader of North Korea, during an official state visit to that country.

In one of her last acts as Secretary of State, Albright on January 8, 2001, paid a farewell call on Kofi Annan and said that the United States would continue to press Iraq to destroy all its weapons of mass destruction as a condition of lifting economic sanctions, even after the end of the Clinton administration on January 20, 2001.

Post-2001 career

Following Albright’s term as US Secretary of State, many speculated that she might pursue a career in Czech politics. Czech President Václav Havel talked openly about the possibility of Albright succeeding him after he retired in 2002. Albright was reportedly flattered by suggestions that she should run for office, but denied ever seriously considering it. She was the 2nd recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation.

In 2001, Albright founded the Albright Group, an international strategy consulting firm founded based in Washington, D.C. It has Coca-Cola, Merck, Dubai Ports World, and Marsh & McLennan Companies among its clients, who benefit from the access that Albright has through her global contacts. Affiliated with the firm is Albright Capital Management, which was founded in 2005 to engage in private fund management related to emerging markets.

Albright currently serves on the Council on Foreign Relations Board of directors and on the International Advisory Committee of the Brookings Doha Center. She is also currently the Mortara Distinguished Professor of Diplomacy at the Georgetown University Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, DC. On October 25, 2005, Albright guest starred on the TV drama Gilmore Girls as herself.

In 2003, she accepted a position on the Board of Directors of the New York Stock Exchange. In 2005, Albright declined to run for re-election to the Board in the aftermath of the Grasso compensation scandal, in which the Chairman of the NYSE Board of Directors, Dick Grasso, had been granted $187.5-million dollars in compensation, with little governance by the board on which Albright sat. During the tenure of the interim chairman, John S. Reed, Albright served as chairwoman of the NYSE board’s nominating and governance committee. Shortly after the appointment of the NYSE board’s permanent chairman in 2005, Albright submitted her resignation.

On January 5, 2006, she participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with George W. Bush administration officials. On May 5, 2006 she was again invited to the White House to meet with former Secretaries and Bush administration officials to discuss Iraq.

Albright currently serves as chairperson of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and as president of the Truman Scholarship Foundation. She is also the co-chair of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor and held the Chair of the Council of Women World Leaders Women’s Ministerial Initiative up until November 16, 2007, succeeded by Margot Wallström.

In an interview given to Newsweek International published July 24, 2006, Albright gave her opinion in United States’ current foreign policy. Albright said: “I hope I’m wrong, but I’m afraid that Iraq is going to turn out to be the greatest disaster in American foreign policy—worse than Vietnam.”

In September 2006, she received the MiE Award, with Václav Havel, for furthering the cause of international understanding.

Albright has mentioned her physical fitness and exercise regimen in several interviews. She has said she is capable of leg pressing 400 pounds.

At the National Press Club in Washington on November 13, 2007, Albright declared that she with William Cohen would co-chair a new “Genocide Prevention Task Force” created by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the American Academy of Diplomacy, and the United States Institute for Peace. Her appointment was criticized by the Armenian National Committee of America and Harut Sassounian..

On May 13, 2007, two days before her 70th birthday, Albright received an honorary doctor of laws degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Albright endorsed and supported Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY) in her 2008 campaign for President of the United States. Albright has been a close friend of Senator Clinton and serves as her top informal advisor on foreign policy matters. She is currently serving as a top advisor for Senator Barack Obama (D-IL) in a working group on national security. On December 1, 2008, President-elect Obama nominated Senator Clinton for Albright’s former post of Secretary of State.

Controversies

Stolen art

Madeleine Albright’s father, Josef Korbel, allegedly appropriated artwork which belonged to German industrialist Karl Nebrich, who owned a Prague apartment later given to Korbel after World War II. Like most other German-speakers living in Czechoslovakia, Nebrich and his family were expelled from the country under the postwar Beneš decrees. The claim is being pressed by Philipp Harmer, the great-grandson of Karl Nebrich.

Radovan Karadži?

During his first hearing in front of the ICTY, Radovan Karadži? stated that Madeleine Albright along with Richard Holbrooke offered him a deal which would allow him not to get prosecuted for war crimes if he would disappear from public life and politics. According to Karadži?, Albright offered him to get out of the way and go to Russia, Greece, or Serbia and open a private clinic or to at least go to Bijeljina. He also said that Holbrooke or Albright would like to see him disappear and expressed the fear for his life by saying “I do not know how long the arm of Mr Holbrooke or Mrs Albright is … or whether that arm can reach me here,”.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Biography at The Washington Post
2. ^ “Conversion of Albright’s Jewish Family Followed a Well-Trod Path.” International Herald Tribune.
3. ^ Shear, Michael D. (September 20, 2006). “Allen Says He Embraces His Jewish Ancestry”, The Washington Post, p. A01. Retrieved on 14 February 2007. 
4. ^ Raz, Guy (June 28, 2006). “For Albright and Rice, Josef Korbel Is Tie that Binds”, NPR. Retrieved on 14 February 2007. 
5. ^ “Biography: Madeleine Korbel Albright”. U.S. Department of State (January 20, 2001). Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
6. ^ Zuckerman, Andrew (2008). Wisdom - 50 Unique and Original Portraits. Abrams. ISBN 30810983591. 
7. ^ Knox Announces Honorary Degree Recipients
8. ^ “Interview Madeleine Albright”. Ghosts of Rwanda. PBS Frontline (April 1, 2004 (Interview conducted on February 25, 2004)). Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
9. ^ (Source: Romeo Dallaires’s Shake Hands with the Devil, p. 374)
10. ^ (Source: Romeo Dallaires’s Shake Hands with the Devil, p.506)
11. ^ Mahajan, Rahul (November/December 2001). “”We Think the Price Is Worth It”". FAIR. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
12. ^ ^{a b} Albright, Madeleine (2003). “Madam Secretary”. p. 275. 
13. ^ ^{a b} U.S., U.N. not to blame for deaths of Iraqis | Gazette, The (Colorado Springs) | Find Articles at BNET.com
14. ^ “”Albright’s Blunder”. Irvine Review (2002). Archived from the original on 2003-06-03. Retrieved on 2008-01-04.
15. ^ http://www.reason.com/news/show/28346.html
16. ^ “Madelaine Albright, former US Secretary of State, gives her views on future of Iraq and the trial of Saddam Hussein.” (RealAudio). BBC Radio 4 Today Programme (October 19, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
17. ^ “Hussein seeks ‘just’ solution to standoff”, CNN (November 13, 1998). Retrieved on 21 June 2007. 
18. ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (June 4, 2001). “Bomber’s defense focuses on U.S. policy on Iraq”, CNN. Retrieved on 14 February 2007. 
19. ^ Albright, Madeleine (2003). “Madam Secretary”, 182.
20. ^ CNN - U.S. to boycott seating of new Hong Kong legislature - June 10, 1997
21. ^ Before Bombings, Omens and Fears
22. ^ News from the USIA Washington File
23. ^ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/Albright.html
24. ^ U.S. Will Maintain Pressure on Iraq, Albright Says
25. ^ BBC News | EUROPE | Albright tipped for Czech presidency
26. ^ “The Albright Group LLC”. BusinessWeek (2008). Retrieved on 2008-12-28.
27. ^ Broder, John M. (December 11, 2008). “Title, but Unclear Power, for a New Climate Czar”, The New York Times. 
28. ^ ^{a b} Bilodeau, Otis (2007-01-18). “Madeleine Albright Raises $329 Million for New Fund”, Bloomberg News. Retrieved on 28 December 2008. 
29. ^ “Board of Directors-Council on Foreign Relations”. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
30. ^ Business: Interim NYSE chairman to stay another year
31. ^ The Last Word: Madeleine Albright - Newsweek: International Editions - MSNBC.com
32. ^ U.S. News - Washington Whispers, May 5, 2006
33. ^ NPR - Madeline Albright Reveals Exercise Regimen For “Kicking Ass”
34. ^ http://www.economist.com/world/unitedstates/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12773216
35. ^ http://www.asbarez.com/index.html?showarticle=37680_12/9/2008_1#AMC=Open&ASBSC=Closed
36. ^ Madeleine Albright to Co-Chair Genocide Prevention Task Force, Huffington Post, November 20, 2007
37. ^ UNC News Release - Five to receive honorary degrees at Carolina’s Spring Commencement
38. ^ Germans lost their art, too. Family says Albright’s father took paintings
39. ^ Karadzic demands Holbrooke, Albright appear in court | International | Reuters
40. ^ Karadzic says ‘witch hunt’ has tainted trial
41. ^ US wants me dead: Karadzic

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New York State Railways was a grouping of several large city streetcar and electric interurban systems in upstate New York. It included the city transit systems in Rochester, Syracuse, Utica, Oneida and Rome, plus various interurban lines connecting those cities.

The company was formed in 1909 when the New York Central Railroad (NYC) consolidated its previously purchased (in 1905) Rochester Railways, serving that city, with the Rochester & Eastern Rapid Ry. and Rochester & Sodus Bay interurban companies. In 1912 it added the Rochester & Suburban Ry., the Syracuse Rapid Transit Ry., the Oneida Ry., and the Utica & Mohawk Valley Ry. In effect, the big steam railroad system (NYC) was able to monopolize local and intercity passenger business along its Mohawk Valley mainline.

Patronage on the streetcar and interurban lines declined in the 1920s, thanks to autos, buses, and paved roads — but the electric utilities owned by the company grew. As a result, in 1928 the New York Central sold its control of the New York State Railways system to what became the Associated Gas & Electric Co.

Shortly after the transaction, the stock market crashed, and on December 30, 1929, the company was put into receivership. Afterward the interurban routes were abandoned along with many unprofitable city and suburban routes.

New York State Railways emerged from receivership in 1934, and gradually the remaining core city lines were sold as separate operations. The Rochester lines became Rochester Transit Co. in 1938, Syracuse Transit Corp. took over that system in 1939, and, finally, the Utica lines were reorganized in 1948. During this period all remaining streetcar lines were converted to bus). Rochester’s last city streetcar ran March 31, 1941, and its unusual subway line ceased in 1956. Syracuse’s streetcar service ended January 4, 1941, and Utica’s on May 12, 1941.

Contents 1 Chronology 1.1 Rochester 1.2 Syracuse 1.3 Oneida 1.4 Rome 2 Utica 3 References

Chronology

The story up to date with the present public agencies now operating in former N.Y.State Rys. territory.

Rochester

Rochester-Genesee Regional Transportation Authority (Rochester) Regionally owned since 1968

• 1868-1890 - Rochester City & Brighton Railroad
• 1890-1909 - Rochester Railway Co.
• 1904-1912 - Rochester & Eastern Rapid Railway
• 1906-1930 - Rochester, Syracuse & Eastern Railroad
• 1909-1928 - New York State Railways
• 1928-1935 - New York State Railways (Associated Gas & Electric Co.)
• 1935-1938 - New York State Railways
• 1923-1932 - operated trolleybuses
• 1938-1968 - Rochester Transit Co.
• 1941 - streetcars discontinued except for the Subway (Route 25)
• 1956 - passenger service ends on the Subway (Route 25)

Syracuse

Centro (Syracuse) Regionally owned since 1972

• 1859-1896 - several companies
• 1896-1905 - Syracuse Rapid Transit Co.
• 1905-1910 - Mohawk Valley Co.
• 1910-1928 - New York State Railways
• 1928-1935 - New York State Railways (Associated Gas & Electric Co.)
• 1935-1939 - New York State Railways
• 1939-1972 - Syracuse Transit Co.

- 1941 - streetcars discontinued

Oneida

Oneida County Rural Transit (Oneida) Regionally owned

• 1885-1909 - Oneida Railway
• 1909-1928 - New York State Railways
• 1928-1930 - New York State Railways (Associated Gas & Electric Co.)

1930 - streetcars discontinued - Period of no transit service

Rome

VIP Public Transit (Rome) City owned since 1965

• 1885-1907 - Rome City Street Railway
• 1907-1909 - Utica & Mohawk Valley Railway
• 1909-1928 - New York State Railways
• 1928-1933 - New York State Railways (Associated Gas & Electric Co.)
• 1933-1947 - Copper City Bus Line
• 1947-1959 - Rome City Bus Line

1933 - streetcars discontinued - Period of no transit service

Utica

Utica Transit Authority (Utica) Regionally owned since 1967

• 1864-1868 - Utica & Westerville Railroad Co.
• 1868-1886 - Utica Clinton & Binghamton Railway Co.
• 1886-1901 - Utica Belt Line Street Railroad
• 1901-1909 - Utica & Mohawk Valley Railway
• 1909-1928 - New York State Railways
• 1928-1935 - New York State Railways (Associated Gas & Electric Co.)
• 1935-1948 - New York State Railways
• 1948-1967 - Utica Transit Corp.

1941 - streetcars discontinued

stamp used

WTVT
Tampa - St. Petersburg, Florida
Branding	Fox 13 (general) Fox 13 News (newscasts)
Slogan	The Most Powerful Name in Local News We’ve Got You Covered
Channels	Analog: 13 (VHF) Digital: 12 (VHF)
Affiliations	Fox
Owner	Fox Television Stations, Inc. (TVT License, Inc.)
First air date	April 1, 1955
Call letters’ meaning	Walter Tison and Virginia Tison (original owner and his wife)
Former affiliations	CBS (1955-1994)
Transmitter Power	316 kW (analog) 17.5 kW (digital)
Height	433 m (analog) 436 m (digital)
Facility ID	68569
Transmitter Coordinates	27°49?9.4?N 82°14?25.4?W? / ?27.819278, -82.240389
Website	www.myfoxtampabay.com

WTVT, channel 13, is a television station in Tampa, Florida. It is an owned and operated station of the Fox Broadcasting Company, a subsdiary of the News Corporation. WTVT’s studios are located in Tampa, and its transmitter is located in Riverview, Florida.

Contents 1 History 2 Today 2.1 New Set 2.1.1 Switch to High definition 2.1.2 SkyTower Omni goes online at Fox 13 2.2 Monsanto controversy 3 Analog-to-digital transition 4 News/Station Presentation 4.1 Newscast titles 4.2 Station Slogans 5 Newscasts 5.1 Weekday Newscasts 5.1.1 Good Day Tampa Bay 5.1.2 Good Day Tampa Bay team 5.1.3 Other newscasts 5.2 Weekends 6 Personalities 6.1 Current Personalities 6.2 Former Personalities 7 E